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Activation of nociceptin opioid peptide receptors (NOP, a.k.a. opioid-like receptor-1, ORL-1) by the ligand nociceptin/orphanin FQ, leads to G protein-dependent regulation of Cav2.2 (N-type) voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). This typically causes a reduction in calcium currents, triggering changes in presynaptic calcium levels and thus neurotransmission. Because of the widespread expression patterns of NOP and VGCCs across multiple brain regions, the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and the dorsal root ganglia, this results in the alteration of numerous neurophysiological features. Here we review the regulation of N-type calcium channels by the NOP-nociceptin system in the context of neurological conditions such as anxiety, addiction, and pain.

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Background: Curcumin has protective actions in neuropsychiatric disorders. Its mechanism of action is associated with the restoration of catecholaminergic balance, reduction of oxidative/nitrosative stress, protection against inflammation, and neuroprotection. Objective: In a first approach, the study presents an empty review of the potential effect of curcumin on cognitive performance in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods: On a second moment, seeing the scarcity of studies and knowing that ADHD is related to hyperactive and anxious behavior, 20 spontaneously hypertensive Wistar rats (SHR) were divided into groups that received water (1 mg/kg/day), curcumin (50 mg/kg/day), or methylphenidate (1 mg/kg/day) for 42 days. Behavioral tests to assess activity (Open Field test), anxiety and impulsivity (Elevated Plus Maze, and Social Interaction), and memory (Y Maze and Object Recognition Test) were performed. Results: Animals treated with curcumin showed less anxious and hyperactive behavior. Related to the memory, the results can be related to hyperactivity. Conclusion: Thus, the data suggest that the treatments used here can beneficially modulate the anxious and hyperactive behavior of SHR.