Intralesional immunotherapy by MMR vaccine is a promising effective and safe treatment modality for common warts, particularly the multiple ones.

Intralesional immunotherapy by MMR vaccine is a promising, effective, and safe treatment modality for recalcitrant warts.

Many destructive and immunotherapeutic modalities have been used for the management of warts; however, an optimal treatment with high efficacy and absent or low recurrence has not been explored to date. Recently, the use of intralesional immunotherapy with different antigens has shown promising efficacy in the treatment of warts. We review the different aspects of this new modality, including candidates, types of warts treated, dosage, number and interval between treatment sessions, mode of action, efficacy, adverse effects, recurrence rate, advantages, disadvantages, current place and future prospects. A literature review revealed that healthy immune subjects are the best candidates, and a pre-sensitization test is usually done before the start of therapy. The dosage, the number and interval between sessions, and the success rates varied among the different studies. The mode of action is still uncertain, but is essentially mediated through stimulation of T helper-1 cell cytokine response. Adverse effects are mild and generally insignificant, and the recurrence rate is absent or low. Intralesional antigen immunotherapy seems to be a promising, effective and safe treatment modality for viral warts. Future well-designed and controlled studies would help to more clearly define its place in the challenging field of wart therapy.

Febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha-Habermann disease (FUMHD) is a rare severe variant of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta characterized clinically by aggressive ulceronecrotic skin lesions associated with high fever and histologically by features typical of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta. Despite the continuous addition of new case reports, no definite diagnostic criteria have been established, and an optimum treatment is still waiting. Herein, we review the different aspects of this rare entity, including pathogenesis, clinical and histopathological features, differential diagnosis, course, prognosis, and outcome. Different diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with FUMHD are also evaluated and discussed. We propose two sets of diagnostic criteria to define the disease more precisely and to avoid missing cases. The first comprises constant clinical and histopathological features that are always present in every case, the combination of which is necessary for diagnosis. The second set includes variable features that may be present in some cases and to which any emerging finding could be added. Although different therapeutic options have been used, there is no optimum therapy for FUMHD, and the disease still represents a therapeutic challenge.

Necrolytic acral erythema is closely associated with hepatitis C infection. Many findings indicate that NAE seems to be a variant of NME rather than a distinct entity. Hence, an alternative proposed term could be acral NME.

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