A total no. of 65 Salmonella enterica isolates recovered from food samples, feces of diarrheic calves, poultry, and hospital patient in large five cities at Northern West Egypt were obtained from the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. The 65 Salmonella enterica isolates had the invA gene were grouped into 11 Salmonella enterica serovars with dominance of S. Enteritidis and S. Kentucky serovars. Their resistance pattern were characterized by using 18 antibiotics from different classes. Approximately 80% of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consequences polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) typing of 7 strains of S. Enteritidis showed 5 clusters with dissimilarity 25%. S. Enteritidis clusters in 2 main groups A and B. Group A have 2 human strain (HE2 and HE3) and one food origin (FE7) with a similarity 99%. Group B divided into B1 (FE2) and B2 (FE3) with a similarity ratio ≥ 93%, while ERIC-PCR analysis of 5 strains of S. Kentucky revealed 4 ERIC types, clustered in 2 main groups A and B with similarity 75%. We studied the effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on 10 antibiotic resistant strains of S. Enteritidis and S. Kentucky. The broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were detected. Evaluation of the affection using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed different ratios of Ag-NPs and microorganism as well as at different contact time ended finally with morphological alteration of the bacteria. We submitted new method in vivo to explore the activity of nanosilver in chicken. Key points • Importance of ERIC-PCR to determine the relatedness between Salmonella isolates. • Effect of silver nanoparticles to confront the antibacterial resistance. • Studying the effect of silver nanoparticles in vivo on infected chicken with Salmonella.

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Key words:E. coli, P. aeruginosa, virulence genes, antibiogram, plasmid profile Fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) is a multisubstance composition contains 2-methoxy benzoquinone and 2, 6-dimethoxy benzoquinone which are likely to exert some of its biological effects as well as it is a concentrated source of vitamins, minerals, and protein.An experimental trial of FWGE supplementation to broiler feed from one day old with a rate of 0.5, 1.5 and 3 g/kg feed was tried. Results revealed that all doses of FWGE increased body weight significantly (p≤0.05), especially with the dose of 3 g/kg feed. Also, FCR values decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in the FWGE treated groups. Regarding biochemical analysis at 35 days old, the most significant results obtained with the doses of 1.5 and 3 g FWGE/kg feed especially in SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, glucose, and triglycerides levels. Physiologically, FWGE only increased hemoglobin concentration significantly (p≤0.05) without alteration of red blood and white blood cells counts. There was also a significant increase (p≤0.05) in the intestinal weight in relation to carcass weight% and a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the liver and total body fat weights in relation to carcass weight%. At 45 days (10 days after vNDV challenge), the mortality rates were 60% in the non-treated non-vaccinated challenged chicken group 5 and 4% in the nontreated vaccinated challenged chicken group 4 without appearance of any mortality in the 3 FWGE treated groups. Also, addition of FWGE had a positive effect on HI titers for NDV in the collected serum samples at 45 days old. Finally, it was concluded that FWGE improved the general health condition of broilers regarding biochemical and physiological parameters and immune response to NDV vaccination.

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