To elucidate the macroscopical and microscopical structure of dog's lacrimal gland, 15 adult dogs (Canis familiaris) were utilized in this study. Macroscopically, the lacrimal gland was located on the dorsolateral aspect of the eyeball and bounded dorsolaterally by the orbital ligament, zygomatic process of the frontal bone and frontal process of malar bone. Its shape was nearly rectangular with the average width (1.38 ± 0.13 cm) and length (1.52 ±0.12 cm). In between the dorsal and lateral rectus muscles, the lacrimal artery, vein and nerve were observed. Microscopically, the lacrimal gland was enveloped by the fibromuscular capsule and lobulated. Each lobule was formed of secretory endpieces and ducts. The secretory endpieces were mucous and serous. However, the mucous type was predominant. The lining cells of the secretory endpieces expressed a positive reaction to alcian blue and Periodic acid Shiff. A series of duct system within the lobules and septa was seen. The scanning electron microscopic examination revealed that the secretory endpieces covered with granular secretory substance. Several crystals with sharp taper ends were seen around the secretory endpieces.

Objective: Regarding the displaying of the main differences between the pelvic limb of rabbit and cat. Materials and methods: Our work was performed on 10 New Zealand rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) and domestic cats ( Felis domestica ) with variable ages and of both sexes. After weighing of the animals, sedation, and anesthesia, the animals were examined radiographically. The bones of the pelvic limb were prepared, measured for its length/cm then described and compared. Results: The iliac tuberosity and the conversion of the acetabular notch into foramen were characteristics of Os coxae of the rabbit. The intertrochanteric crest was detected on the femur of the cat. In the rabbit, the leg interosseous space was located in the proximal third of this region while in the cat, it was extended along its length. The first metatarsal was undeveloped in the cat but was absent in the rabbit so metatarsal were four in the rabbit and five in the cat. The digits of the pelvic limbs in both animals were four in number. The distal sesamoid was single, transversely situated, and shuttle-shaped in rabbit but it was absent in cat. Conclusion: So, the chief points of variation between the pelvic limb bones of rabbit and cat enabled us to keep away the commercial fraud and facilitated their use as an animal model for education purposes.

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The structural characteristic of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) shows species-dependent variations. However, the correlation of such structure with olfactory function as well as with the ecological and evolutionary behaviours is less understood. Therefore, the aim of the current investigation was to elucidate the species differences of the structure of MOB in two ecologically diverse species, dogs and goats. For that purpose, thirteen heads of each species were obtained. The brains and the olfactory bulbs were dissected for anatomical, histological and immunohistochemical analyses for detection of glial fibril acidic protein (GFAP) and chromogranin A. Anatomically, the volume of the olfactory bulb to the whole brain volume was higher in dogs (1.74%) than goats (0.57%). Histologically, the main olfactory bulbs were organized in the following layers: the olfactory nerve layer (ONL), the glomerular layer (GL), the external plexiform layer (EPL), the mitral cell layer (MCL), internal plexiform layer (IPL) , the granule cell layer (GCL) and a periventricular layer (PVL). Enormous number of juxtaglomerular and mitral cells, thickness of GL, EPL and GCL were significantly greater in dogs than goats. Immunohistochemically, the integrated density percentage of GFAP and chromogranin A was significantly higher in dogs than goats. The average number of mitral cell neurons in a standard area was significantly higher in dogs (6 ±.37) than goats (3.16 ±.31). Therefore, our data suggested that such apparent structural difference of MOB between the dog and the goat could be correlated with superior olfactory sensitivity and subsequently the ecological and lifestyle behaviour of dogs.

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