Embryos of the inland silverside Menjdia beryllina were exposed to 3 teratogens: (1) 2,4-dmitrophenol. (2,4-DNP), (2) 'produced water' (PW), and (3) naphthalene (NPH). Tests were conducted by placing single embryos in glass tissue culture tubes containing 6 m1 of saline exposure media. Twenty tubes were used for each exposure concentration and for controls. A severity-index based upon craniofacial, cardiovascular, and skeletal terata was used to rank responses each day. The compounds tested caused teratogenic expressions in embryos and larvae exposed from the 2-to 4-cell and blastula stage through 7 to 8 d post-fertilization. However, combined survival in control embryos and larvae, and those exposed to respective teratogens, were not significantly different in 5 of 6 tests, except the 2-to 4-cell embryos exposed to 2,4-DNP. There was a marked Increase in the relative frequency of terata with increasing nominal exposure concentrations of each compound. Post-hoc comparison of mean rank scores for severity of expression between control and exposed individuals revealed statistically significant (a = 0.05) levels of terata at 1.8 and 3.2 mg 2,4-DNP I-'; 10 and 20 % PW; and 5.6 and 10 mg NPH I-'.

Field studies were conducted to determine if laboratory protocols accurately predict shrimp mortality under field conditions. To evaluate the applicability of laboratory data, fenthion, a mosquitocide, was applied to coastal black rush (Juncus roemerianus) marshes in several truck-mounted ultra-low volume (ULV) adulticide operations and by direct application at the larvicide rate. Caged pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) were deployed in floating compartmented cages and observed frequently over a 24-h period for mortality. Water samples collected for gas chromatographic quantitation characterized the exposure concentration regime and fate of fenthion at the field sites. Field data were compared to laboratory acute toxicity data from ASTM standard practice flow-through tests. The acute flow-through 96-h LC50 of 0.11 μg/L was used as a conservative estimate of the expected toxicity in field exposures. An exposure profile based on measured field concentrations was used for laboratory pulse-exposure tests; fenthion was metered for 2 h to specified maximum concentrations, then flushed with seawater to cause a 6- to 8-h exposure, yielding a no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) of 0.84 μg/L. In field tests, four ULV operations produced initial water concentrations < NOEC and no fenthion-induced shrimp mortality. However, the direct application's initial water concentrations ranged from 15 to 20 μg/L (> NOEC) and caused extensive mortality (90 to 100%) in the caged shrimp. Thus, field observations confirmed our hypothesis that if fenthion time-exposure concentrations were lower than the laboratory NOEC, then no mortality would occur in caged shrimp. Moreover, if initial concentrations in the field exceeded the laboratory NOEC, mortality would occur. These laboratory tests and field applications indicate that laboratory toxicity tests can predict the range of lethal and nonlethal acute field exposures to fenthion for pink shrimp when exposure regimes are similar.

No abstract