The aim of this work was to test the comparative efficacy of four therapeutic modalities (self-exposure, self-exposure + Alprazolam, Alprazolam, and self-exposure + placebo) and also to determine the combined effects of self-exposure with Alprazolam and self-exposure with placebo in the treatment of agoraphobia without current panic. The sample consisted of 31 patients selected according to DSM-III-R criteria. A multigroup experimental design with repeated measures of assessment (pre-treatment, post-treatment and 1, 3 and 6-month followup) was used. The results indicated that there was a similar therapeutic improvement (in about 75% of the cases) between pre-and posttreatment in all therapeutic modalities, except for the Alprazolam group, where improvement did not take place, was rather weak or tended to fade as time passed. This improvement increased at the follow-ups in the self-exposure + placebo group, remained stable in the self-exposure group, and was irregular or fairly unpredictable in the self-exposure + Alprazolam group. There was a positive combined action between selfexposure and placebo and a negative interaction between self-exposure and Alprazolam. The highest relapse rate appeared in the therapeutic modalities where the active drug was administered. The intratreatment evolution was faster in the self-exposure group than in the others, but it tended to remain stable in the second part of the therapy. It is therefore concluded that the efficacy of self-exposure therapy may be the same if reduced to half the number of sessions. Finally, several topics that may contribute to future research in this field are commented upon.
Este estudio examina los efectos de la descripción del autor de un delito en su identificación posterior, así como las estrategias utilizadas en la decisión y la confianza en la respuesta. Se preparó un vídeo que representaba el robo de un coche. Sólo la mitad de los sujetos realizó una descripción del autor antes de la tarea de identificación, presentada en vídeo mediante una rueda simultánea con 5 distractores y el autor del delito, indicando a los sujetos que el autor podía estar presente o no. La descripción no afectó ni a la exactitud de la identificación, ni a las estrategias utilizadas por los sujetos. Sin embargo, tanto el nivel de elecciones como la confianza disminuyeron considerablemente con descripción, efectos importantes de ensombrecimiento verbal. Por último, mas sujetos utilizaron espontáneamente procesos de eliminación y comparación que identificación automática, pero en este último caso todas las decisiones fueron correctas, mientras los errores predominaron cuando los sujetos utilizaron estrategias más elaboradas. En conclusión, la descripción previa de una persona, al contrario que la verbalización de una cara, no perjudica a la exactitud de la identificación, aunque es determinante para el nivel de elecciones del autor del delito.
Ikerketa honen helburua da gertaera baten oroimenean pertsona gazteen eta zaharren arteko ezberdintasunak aztertzea. Horretarako lapurreta baten informazioa (nagusia eta periferikoa) eta edukiak (ekintzak, pertsonak eta detaileak) analizatu dira. Parte-hartzaileek, batez ere, gertaeraren informazio nagusia eta ekintzak gogoratu dituzte. Pertsona helduen errendimendua gazteena baino okerragoa izan da, ekintza nagusietan neurri handiagoan oinarritu dira eta pertsonekin eta xehetasunekin erlazionaturiko informazio gutxiago gogoratu dute. Hala ere, ez dute gazteek baino akats gehiago izan. Beraz, gazteen kontakizunak zaharren kontakizunekin alderatuta osoagoak izan dira, baina ez zehatzagoak.GAKO-HITZAK: Oroimen librea · Lekukoak · Zahartzaroa · Gogoratu.Differences between older and younger adults' memory for an event were examined. Information (central and peripheral) and contents (actions, people, and details) were analyzed in a robbery. In general, participants recalled central information and actions. Older adults showed less memory than younger adults, and retrieved more central actions but less contents related with people and details. However, there were no differences in memory errors between the two age-groups. Thus, older eyewitnesses were as accurate as younger adults, although they reported less complete testimonies.
Euskal Herriko Unibertsitateko irakasleak (EHU/UPV)Sistema kognitiboak baditu oroimenetik informazioa modu eraginkorrean berreskuratzen laguntzen dioten egokitzapen-mekanismoak, besteak beste, inhibizioa, hau da, zerbait gogoratu nahi dugunean kontzientziara heltzeko lehian dabilen informazioa blokeatzea. Berreskuratzeak eragindako ahanztea inhibizio modu bat da eta, horretan sakontzeko, kategoria semantikoak erabiliz kategoria-aleen tipikotasuna (altua, baxua) eta ikaste-fasean erabilitako aurkezpen formatua (zorizkoa, taldekatua) aztertu ziren. Berreskuratze-praktikaren momentuko lehiakortasunak ale tipikoen inhibizioa sorrarazi zuen; ez, ordea, tipikotasun baxuko aleen ahanztea. Bestalde, inhibizioa zorizko eta taldekatutako aurkezpenetan azaldu zenez, aleen aurkezpenformatua ez da aldagai erabakigarria kategorien gogoratzean berreskuratzeak eragindako ahanztea sorrarazterakoan.GAKO-HITZAK: Berreskuratzeak eragindako ahanztea · Kategoriak · Aleen tipikotasuna · Gogoratzea. The role of exemplar typicality in category retrieval-induced forgettingThe cognitive system has adaptive mechanisms that help us to efficiently retrieve information from memory. One of these mechanisms is the inhibition of competing information that comes to mind when remembering. Using semantic categories, the effects of exemplar typicality (high, low) and presentation format (random, grouped) on retrievalinduced forgetting were examined. Exemplar typicality was the decisive factor in the occurrence of retrieval-induced forgetting. Competition during retrieval practice rendered inhibition to the typical exemplars, but retrieval-induced forgetting did not occur for lowtypicality exemplars. Furthermore, inhibition appeared with random and grouped presentations, suggesting that the presentation format of the exemplars is not a critical factor in modulating retrieval-induced forgetting in a category-cued recall task.
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