-The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and development of a glyphosateresistant population of Conyza bonariensis in different sowing dates (autumn, winter, and spring) and in two agricultural environments, based on days or thermal units. Five experiments were performed in two agricultural environments in Brazil: two in the municipality of Não-Me-Toque, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul -with sowings in July and September 2011; and three in the municipality of Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, in the state of São Paulo -with sowings in April, July, and September 2011. In each trial, ten evaluations of the phenological development and total dry mass of C. bonariensis were performed, fitting these variables to a unit of time in days or growing degree days. The phenological development of C. bonariensis had the best adjustment at the base temperature of 8.4o C, and was affected by sowing date and agricultural environment. In autumn, with decreasing temperature and photoperiod, plants are still able to accumulate dry mass, but without floral induction. In spring, with increasing temperature and photoperiod, dry mass accumulation is lower, but phenological development is faster, with significant floral induction.

Controlling volunteer plants was aggravated due to the emergence of genetically modified glyphosate-resistant cultivars, requiring new technical recommendations. This work was developed with the objective of evaluating alternatives for chemical control of glyphosate-resistant maize infesting soybean crops, using ACCase inhibiting herbicides. Two experiments were carried out, one in Santa Cruz das Palmeiras (SP) and other in Não-Me-Toque (RS), Brazil. Volunteer maize plants were simulated with seeds of the DKB 390 YGRR2 hybrids, distributed between rows of soybean crops, at the density of 6 plants m-2. Combinations of the herbicides clethodim (65 and 84 g ha-1), sethoxydim (138 and 165 g ha-1), and haloxyfop (36 and 45 g ha-1) were applied at two phenological stages of the soybean crop [three (3T) and six (6T) trifoliate leaves], corresponding to the V4/V5 and V7/V8 stages of the volunteer maize, respectively, resulting in 14 treatments. A treatment without herbicide application and a treatment with manual weeding were included as check plots. Applying graminicides on maize plants at V4/V5 stage resulted in more consistent results and general efficacy. Soybean yield was lower when applying herbicide only on maize plants at V7/V8, in both locations. Therefore, management practices for glyphosate-resistant volunteer maize should be adopted early, on maize plants at the V4/V5 stage, mainly when the maize plants are from lost grains in the harvesting process. The use of the herbicides clethodim and haloxyfop results in consistent control efficacy of volunteer maize plants.

No abstract