Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o efeito da infestação de milho voluntário tolerante ao glifosato na produtividade da cultura da soja, bem como avaliar o controle dessas plantas com o herbicida cletodim. Seis experimentos foram desenvolvidos, na safra de 2013/2014, nos estados da Bahia, de Minas Gerais, de Mato Grosso, do Paraná, do Rio Grande do Sul e de São Paulo. Espigas de milho sem palha, segmentadas ao meio, foram uniformemente distribuídas nas parcelas, à densidade de 1, 2 ou 4 segmentos por metro quadrado. Como tratamento herbicida, utilizou-se cletodim, nas seguintes doses: aplicação única, 108 g ha -1 , sobre a soja com três trifólios (3T); aplicação única, 108 g ha, sobre soja com seis trifólios (6T); e duas aplicações, 108 e 84 g ha -1 , sobre soja nos estágios 3T e 6T. Adicionou-se, ainda, um tratamento com a soja plenamente capinada. O aumento de densidade dos segmentos de espiga reduziu a produtividade da soja em até 69,9%. A produtividade da soja foi assegurada com o controle eficaz das plantas voluntárias de milho tolerante ao glifosato, oriundas de espigas, em aplicação única de cletodim (108 g ha -1 ) no estádio 6T; ou por meio de duas aplicações sequenciais do graminicida, com a soja em 3T e 6T.Termos para indexação: Glycine max, Zea mays, cletodim, competição, graminicida. Interference and control of glyphosate-tolerant volunteer corn in soybean cropAbstract -The objective of this work was to estimate the infestation effect of glyphosate-tolerant volunteer corn in soybean yield, as well as to evaluate the control of these plants with the herbicide clethodim. Six experiments were carried out in the 2013/2014 season, in the following Brazilian states: Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and São Paulo. Corn ears without straw, cut in half, were uniformly distributed in the plots at the density of 1, 2, or 4 segments per square meter. As herbicide treatment, clethodim was applied at the following doses: a single application, at 108 g ha -1 , on soybean with three trifoliate leaves (3T); a single application, at 108 g ha -1 , on soybean with six trifoliate leaves (6T); and two applications, at 108 and 84 g ha -1 , on soybean at the 3T and 6T stages. A handweeded soybean treatment was also included. The increased density of corn ear segments reduced soybean yield up to 69.9%. Soybean yield was warranted by the efficient control of glyphosate-tolerant volunteer corn, originated from ears, with a single clethodim application at 108 g ha -1 on soybean at the 6T stage, or using two sequential applications of this graminicide on soybean at 3T and 6T.

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos de períodos de convivência (0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84 e 98 dias após o transplantio) de uma comunidade de plantas daninhas sobre a produtividade de quatro cultivares de cebola (Mercedes, Granex 33, Superex e Serrana), em sistema de transplantio de mudas. O experimento foi instalado em Jaboticabal-SP, de abril a outubro de 2000, utilizando delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 4 x 8. As principais populações de plantas daninhas no final dos períodos de convivência foram de Coronopus didymus, Amaranthus hybridus e Cyperus rotundus. Os cultivares Mercedes (2,90 kgm-2) e Granex 33 (2,64 kgm-2) foram os mais produtivos, independentemente da interferência das plantas daninhas. A convivência com as plantas daninhas durante os primeiros 98 dias reduziu a produtividade da cebola em 95% e o peso médio de bulbos em 91%. O período anterior à interferência (PAI) foi de 42 dias, não havendo diferença entre os cultivares de cebola.

-In agricultural production systems where the glyphosate-resistant soybean crop (Glycine max) is grown and the practice of crop rotation with alternative herbicides is not adopted, the exclusive and continuous use of glyphosate has led to the occurrence of resistant weed populations that may limit or compromise the benefits of this technology. Thus, the efficacy of weed management programs, including the use of residual herbicides (sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, imazethapyr, diclosulan, chlorimuron and s-metolachlor) applied in preemergence and followed by in-crop postemergence applications of glyphosate (PRE-POST) were compared to glyphosate postemergence only programs -POST. The study was conducted across nine locations during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 growing seasons. PRE-POST programs were efficient in the control of Amaranthus viridis, Brachiaria plantaginea, Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis, Eleusine indica, Euphorbia heterophylla and Raphanus raphanistrum, with the level of control being similar when comparing the program with two applications of glyphosate POST. Some PRE-POST programs were not efficient in controlling Cenchrus echinatus, Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea triloba. Sulfentrazone and diclosulam PRE-POST programs improved the control of Ipomoea triloba compared to sequential applications of glyphosate alone. No significant differences in soybean yield were observed between any of the herbicide treatments or study locations. The use of residual herbicides in preemergence followed by glyphosate incrop postemergence provides consistent weed control and reducing early season weed competition. Furthermore, these programs utilize at least two herbicide modes of action for herbicide use diversity, which will be needed to stay ahead of resistance build-up, regardless of when weeds may appear. Keywords:Herbicide resistance management, mode of action, residual herbicides, weed management programs, preemergence, postemergence. Palavras-chave: manejo de resistência a herbicida, modo de ação, herbicidas residuais, programas de manejo de plantas daninhas, pré-emergência, pós-emergência. RESUMO -Em sistemas de produção agrícola onde a cultura da soja tolerante ao glyphosate (Glycine max) está inserida e onde não há a prática de rotação de culturas com herbicidas alternativos, o uso exclusivo e contínuo do glyphosate tem levado ao surgimento de populações de plantas daninhas resistentes, que podem limitar ou comprometer os benefícios dessa tecnologia. Nesse sentido, a eficiência de programas de manejo que envolvem herbicidas residuais (sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, imazethapyr, diclosulam, chlorimuron e s-metolachlor) aplicados na pré-emergência seguidos de glyphosate na pós-emergência da cultura (PRE-POST) foi comparada à de programas com apenas glyphosate na pós-emergência -POST. O estudo constituiu-se de nove experimentos

-Auxyn type herbicides such as dicamba and 2,4-D are alternative herbicides that can be used to control glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane. With the forthcoming possibility of releasing dicamba-resistant and 2,4-D-resistant crops, use of these growth regulator herbicides will likely be an alternative that can be applied to the control of glyphosate resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis). The objective of this research was to model the efficacy, through dose-response curves, of glyphosate, 2,4-D, isolated dicamba and glyphosatedicamba combinations to control a brazilian hairy fleabane population resistant to glyphosate. The greenhouse dose-response studies were conducted as a completely randomized experimental design, and the rates used for dose response curve construction were 0, 120, 240, 480, 720 and 960 g a.i. ha -1 for 2,4-D, dicamba and the dicamba combination, with glyphosate at 540 g a.e. ha . Herbicides were applied when the plants were in a vegetative stage with 10 to 12 leaves and height between 12 and 15 cm. Hairy fleabane had low sensitivity to glyphosate, with poor control even at the 960 g a.e. ha -1 rate. Dicamba and 2,4-D were effective in controlling the studied hairy fleabane. Hairy fleabane responds differently to 2,4-D and dicamba. The combination of glyphosate and dicamba was not antagonistic to hairy fleabane control, and glyphosate may cause an additive effect on the control, despite the population resistance.Keywords: Conyza bonariensis, dose-response, glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane, weed resistance.RESUMO -Os herbicidas mimetizadores de auxinas como dicamba e 2,4-D são alternativas para o controle de buva resistente ao glyphosate. Com a possível futura liberação comercial de culturas resistentes ao dicamba e 2,4-D, a aplicação destes herbicidas reguladores de crescimento será uma provável alternativa de controle de buva resistente ao glyphosate. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi modelar por meio de curvas de dose-resposta a eficácia do dicamba e 2,4-D isolados e dicamba em associação com glyphosate para controle de uma população de buva resistente. Um estudo de doseresposta em casa de vegetação foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, sendo que as doses utilizadas para a construção das curvas de dose-resposta foram de 0, 120, 240, 480, 720 e 960 g i.a. ha -1 de para o dicamba e o 2,4-D isolados e dicamba associado com 540 g e.a. ha -1 de glyphosate. As doses utilizadas para o glyphosate isolado foram de 0, 180, 360, 540, 720 e 960 g e.a. ha -1. Os tratamentos herbicidas foram aplicados quando as plantas estavam no estádio vegetativo de 10 a 12 folhas e altura entre 12 e 15 cm. A buva apresentou baixa sensibilidade ao glyphosate, pois não foi controlada mesmo na dose de 960 g e.a. ha -1 de glyphosate. O dicamba e o 2,4-D foram eficazes no controle da população de buva estudada. A buva responde de forma diferenciada ao 2,4-D e dicamba e será importante determinar as doses apropriadas de cada herbicida para controle de buva resistente ao glyphos...

-The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and development of a glyphosateresistant population of Conyza bonariensis in different sowing dates (autumn, winter, and spring) and in two agricultural environments, based on days or thermal units. Five experiments were performed in two agricultural environments in Brazil: two in the municipality of Não-Me-Toque, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul -with sowings in July and September 2011; and three in the municipality of Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, in the state of São Paulo -with sowings in April, July, and September 2011. In each trial, ten evaluations of the phenological development and total dry mass of C. bonariensis were performed, fitting these variables to a unit of time in days or growing degree days. The phenological development of C. bonariensis had the best adjustment at the base temperature of 8.4o C, and was affected by sowing date and agricultural environment. In autumn, with decreasing temperature and photoperiod, plants are still able to accumulate dry mass, but without floral induction. In spring, with increasing temperature and photoperiod, dry mass accumulation is lower, but phenological development is faster, with significant floral induction.

In commercializing a genetically engineered (GE) crop, agronomic characterization studies that contribute to environmental risk assessment (ERA) may be repeated in different global regions. Likewise, these studies may be done both for single‐event GE products and for traditional breeding crosses that combine GE events (breeding stacks). The objectives of this research were to assess the need for de novo agronomic characterization if previously done in another region or for each event in a breeding stack. Data were obtained for the GE maize (Zea mays L.) products MON 89034 (insect protected), NK603 (herbicide tolerant), and the breeding stack MON 89034 × NK603. The field trials were done from 2004 to 2014 in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Pakistan, and/or the United States. Sources of environmental diversity among the regions (i.e., countries) included differences in the prevalent climate classes of their sites. Although values for the agronomic characteristics varied among regions, event × region interactions caused <1% of the total variability for each GE product. Within each region, comparisons of GE products and near‐isogenic conventional controls were largely nonsignificant. When considering agronomic characteristics, a consistent risk assessment outcome—no evidence of increased potential to become a plant pest—was found in each region and for the single‐event products and the breeding stack. The results support ERA policies that provide for (i) acceptance of agronomic characterization data from other regions (data transportability) and (ii) exemption of breeding stacks from agronomic characterization, based on case‐by‐case assessments of plausible risks.

Foi realizado um experimento em Monte Alto-SP, visando estudar os efeitos de diferentes períodos de controle das plantas daninhas sobre a produção de bulbos da cultura da cebola (Allium cepa), cultivar 'Mercedes', no sistema de transplantio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Parte dos tratamentos experimentais foi disposta num esquema fatorial 4 x 6, em que constituíram variáveis quatro períodos em que se fez o controle (0-0, 0-7, 0-14 e 0-21 DAT) e seis períodos em que se reiniciou o controle das plantas daninhas prolongando até a colheita: 28, 42, 56, 70, 84 e 98 DAT). Duas testemunhas foram adotadas: uma com controle e outra sem controle das plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo da cultura. Lycopersicon esculentum, Portulaca oleracea, Eragrostis pilosa e Galinsoga parviflora foram as plantas daninhas mais importantes na área. Não houve interação entre os diferentes períodos de controle das plantas daninhas. O controle inicial destas plantas deve se prolongar até 14 DAT e ser reiniciado aos 28 DAT, a fim de prevenir reduções significativas na produtividade em relação à testemunha no limpo A convivência com as plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo da cebola reduziu a produtividade em 94,5%.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate soil persistence of chlorimuron-ethyl and metsulfuron-methyl and phytotoxicity to corn seeded as a succeeding crop. One experiment was conducted with chlorimuron-ethyl applied at 20 g ha-1, and one with metsulfuron-methyl applied at 3.96 g ha-1. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design with two types of soil (sandy and clay), three irrigation regimes (daily, weekly and no irrigation) and four application timings (90, 60 and 30 days before corn seeding, as well as untreated plots). Soil persistence of the herbicides was influenced by water availability, molecule water solubility (leaching potential) and application timings prior to corn seeding. In sandy soil, with adequate water availability, leaching probably had the greatest influence, reducing the persistence of the products, and consequently allowing less time between product application and corn seeding. In clay soil, microbial degradation was probably more important, because it was assumed that the lesser time available for microorganism activity, the lesser the damage was observed for corn, as long as the crop had enough water availability. Metsulfuron-methyl was the least phytotoxic herbicide, possibly as a result of the properties of its molecule and its higher leaching potential.