The protein/creatinine ratio measured in a single urine sample taken at random from hypertensive pregnant women showed good sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of 24-h proteinuria > or = 300 mg and was strongly correlated with 24-h proteinuria. A ratio of 0.5 mg/mg is predictive of significant proteinuria and can be used for the diagnosis and follow-up of hypertensive pregnant women.

Creatinine plays a key role in the function and maturation of fetal kidneys throughout pregnancy. It is important to identify other markers that may help in the diagnosis of renal dysfunction. Our aim was to determine the profile of and the correlation between biochemical markers to be used to assess renal function and maturation of the fetus in the amniotic fluid during pregnancy and to determine the distribution of normal values for creatinine, N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), ß2-microglobulin, glucose, urea, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, uric acid, albumin, and osmolality in three gestational age groups. This was a cross-section study that assessed 115 samples of amniotic fluid during three different periods of pregnancy, i.e., 13 to 20, 27 to 34, and 36 to 42 weeks. Concentrations of creatinine, NAG, urea, potassium and uric acid increased during pregnancy (P<0.05). ß2-Microglobulin, glucose, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, and albumin concentration and osmolality decreased (P<0.05), whereas ß2-microglobulin, glucose and uric acid presented significant correlations with gestational age and creatinine, respectively (r>0.6, P<0.05). Urea, potassium and phosphorus showed mild correlations with both (r>0.5, P<0.05). NAG, sodium, albumin and osmolality did not show significant correlations (r<0.5, P<0.05). These tests confirmed the important role of creatinine in terms of correlation with gestational age. ß2-Microglobulin, glucose and uric acid were significant as markers of function and maturation of fetal kidneys, whereas NAG did not demonstrate a useful role for the assessment of renal maturation.

Background: Acute kidney injury is a common disorder in critical ill patients and it is associated with high mortality. Few studies focus on long-term perspectives such as health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and dialysis dependence. Methods: Prospective cohort study at the intensive care unit (ICU) of a Brazilian tertiary hospital. All patients requiring dialysis over a 2-year enrollment period were included. The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) assessed the HRQOL along with patient status and dialysis dependence. Results: 408 patients (11%) required dialysis. ICU, hospital, and after-hospital cumulative fatality rates were 70%, 74%, and 80%, respectively. A total of 68 of 82 eligible patients were interviewed in an average of 256 days after hospital discharge, while 8 patients (11.8%) were in regular dialysis. There was no association between Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, use of vasopressors, mechanical ventilation, creatinine, number of dialysis, and SF-36 scores. Better HRQOL was associated with previous conditions, as younger age and no chronic kidney disease; condition related to severity of acute illness, as have not had sepsis, short period at ICU, and hospital; and conditions after discharge, considered working currently. Conclusions: Previous chronic kidney disease was strongly associated with permanence in dialysis and lower further HRQOL. Younger survivors who have not had sepsis or long stays at hospitals, able to return to their jobs, had better HRQOL.

Urinary calcium excretion has been reported to be diminished in preeclampsia. The objective of the present study was to determine urinary calcium excretion in pregnant patients with chronic arterial hypertension (CAH) and preeclampsia (PE), and in normotensive patients (N). Forty-four pregnant patients (gestational age, 20-42 weeks; 18 CAH, 17 PE, 9 N) were evaluated for calciuria, proteinuria, plasma uric acid and blood pressure. Patients with PE (82 ± 15.1 mg/ 24 h) showed significantly lower calciuria (P<0.05) than the group with CAH (147 ± 24.9 mg/24 h) and the N group (317 ± 86.0 mg/24 h) (P<0.05, Student t-test). Plasma uric acid was significantly higher in the PE group (6.1 ± 0.38 mg/dl) than the CAH group (5.0 ± 0.33 mg/ dl; P<0.05), which also presented higher proteinuria levels, although the difference was not statistically significant. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure did not differ between the PE (164 ± 105 mmHg) and CAH (164 ± 107 mmHg) groups. Calciuria was significantly lower in the group with preeclampsia than in the group with chronic arterial hypertension. We conclude that calciuria can be a further factor for identifying preeclampsia.

We s t u d i e d 3 7 n u l l i p a r o u s women w i t h l a t e -o n s e t g e s t a t i o n a l h y p e r t e n s i o n a n d s i g n i f i c a n t p r o t e i n u r i a , w i t h a d i a s t o l i c b l o o d p r e s s u r e o f 1 1 0 mmHg o r h i g h e r . T h e y w e r e r a n d o m l y a s s i g n e d t o r e c e i v e i n t r a v e n o u s h y d r a l a z i n e ( 5 ou 1 0 mg) p l u s a n o r a l p l a c e b o ; o r o r a l n i f e d i p i n e ( 1 0 o r 2 0 mg) p l u s an i n t r a v e n o u s p l a c e b o , w i t h t h e g o a l o f m a i n t a i n i n g d i a s t o l i c b l o o d p r e s s u r e a t o r b e l o w 1 0 0 mmHg. A l l d r u g s w e r e a d m i n i s t e r e d i n a d o u b l e -b l i n d f a s h i o n . H y d r a l a z i n e d e c r e a s e d m e a n a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e f r o m 1 3 6 * mmHg t o 1 0 6 k 7 mmHg, w h i l e n i f e d i p i n e d e c r e a s e d i t f r o m 1 3 5 * 8 mmHg t o 1 0 9 * 1 0 nunHg. The i n c i d e n c e of a d v e r s e m a t e r n a l a n d f e t a l e f f e c t s w e r e s i m i l a r i n t h e t w o t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s . T h i s r a n d o m i z e d t r i a l c o n t a i n e d a l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s a n d , t h e r e f o r e , d i d n o t h a v e t h e s t a t i s t i c a l p o w e r t o d e t e c t s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n h y d r a l a z i n e a n d n i f e d i p i n e . H o w e v e r , w e h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t a t r i a l o f d r u g t h e r a p i e s f o r a c u t e h y p e r t e n s i o n i n p r e g n a n c y c a n b e s u c c e s s f u l l y b l i n d e d , a n d t h i s a p p r o a c h w o u l d b e v a l u a b l e i n a l a r g e r s t u d y c o m p a r i n g t h e t r e a t m e n t r e g i m e n s a d d r e s s e d h e r e .

Objective. To compare protein/creatinine ratio (PCR) in random urine sample levels and adverse outcomes in hypertensive pregnant women. Methods. A total of 370 medical charts from hypertensive pregnant women were reviewed and stratified into three groups according to different PCR in random urine sample levels (group 1: PCR < 0.3 mg/mg; group 2: PCR 0.3-1.99 mg/mg; group 3: PCR ≥ 2.0 mg/mg) and compared with composite maternal and perinatal outcomes. Those outcomes were severe hypertension, thrombocytopenia, high lactate dehydrogenase count, disseminated intravascular coagulation, abruptio placentae, HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count) syndrome, eclampsia, perinatal death, newborn cerebral hemorrhage, respiratory distress syndrome of newborn, neonatal sepsis, and newborn small for gestational age. Results. To obtain a composite maternal adverse outcome the odds ratio [ORs] between PCR groups were 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-3.2) between groups 1 and 2, and 3.1 (95% CI: 1.5-6.3) between groups 1 and 3; for composite perinatal adverse outcomes, the ORs were 3.0 (95% CI: 1.5-5.9) between groups 1 and 2, and 3.4 (95% CI: 1.6-7.5) between groups 1 and 3. Conclusions. Hypertensive pregnant women with a PCR ≥ 0.3 mg/mg, had worse maternal and perinatal outcomes than those with PCR < 0.3 mg/mg. Above the cut-off of 0.3 mg/mg, higher PCRs are not associated with a significant increase in maternal and perinatal morbidity.

The results of the present study can provide the foundations for prospective trials, including randomised clinical trials involving only patients with a low content of calcium in their diet.

15 mais um critério de desnutrição. As variáveis avaliadas foram: parâmetros antropométricos, avaliação subjetiva global, inquérito alimentar, teste de caminhada de seis minutos, qualidade de vida (SF-36) e exames bioquímicos. Os pacientes foram randomizados para Grupos Controle ou Intervenção. O Grupo Intervenção recebeu suplementação dietética durante a diálise, contendo 355 calorias, preparada com ingredientes simples. Depois de três meses, indivíduos do Grupo Controle e pacientes adicionais considerados em risco nutricional receberam a mesma intervenção. Os Grupos Controle e Intervenção foram comparados após três meses, e os pacientes foram analisados antes e após a intervenção. RESULTADOS: Quinze homens e três mulheres, com idades entre 56,4 ± 15,6 anos, nove em cada grupo, foram estudados. O Grupo Intervenção mostrou melhora na avaliação subjetiva global (p = 0,04). Houve diferenças nos domínios desempenho físico e dor do SF-36, com melhora no Grupo Intervenção e piora no Grupo Controle (p = 0,034 e p = 0,021). Comparações entre antes e depois da intervenção nos pacientes mostrou melhora na avaliação subjetiva global (16,18 ± 4,27 versus 14,37 ± 4,20, p = 0,04) e no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (496,60 ± 132,59 versus 547,80 ± 132,48 m; p = 0,036). O suplemento foi bem tolerado pelos pacientes, e não causou para-efeitos. CONCLUSÕES: A intervenção nutricional melhorou a avaliação subjetiva global e a qualidade de vida em pacientes em hemodiálise a curto prazo. Uma intervenção global por nutricionista produziu efeitos específicos e não-específicos positivos no grupo. A suplementação nutricional foi factível, palatável e de baixo custo. Seu impacto clínico e sua efetividade precisam ser mais avaliados num grupo maior de pacientes a longo prazo.]]>