Visceral leishmaniasis(VL) has been a major health burden on the Sudanese patients and to the health authorities in Sudan. Delay in diagnosis of VL leads to serious complications and eventually death. This study aimed to study the ultrasonographic findings of VL in Sudanese patients.50 Sudanese patients who were clinically diagnosed as VL, attended to Ultrasound Department and were scanned for abdomen. Subject's ages, duration of the disease, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, portal vein and inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter, presence of asites and plural effusion, echogenicity of kidneys and pancreas were evaluated. VL affected the age group 15-30 years in 20 patients (40%) constituting the high incidence and it was less common in age group <15 years (10%).The diseases was common in males (76%) than females (24%) with a ratio of (3.6: 1). The Eastern states constituted the high incidence of the diseases among the other states 27 (54.0%), and Khartoum State constituted the lower incidence 1(2%). Splenomegally, hepatomegally, lymphadenopathy were the most common ultrasound findings. Portal vein, IVC dilatations were less common and were significantly affected with duration of diseases at p value ˂0.0001. VL associated with asites and plural effusion was found in the sample and has statistically significant relation at p value˂ 0.02. Ultrasound detected changes in kidneys and pancreases echogenecity with prolonged disease duration. Ultrasonography has the capability of diagnosis of VL and by using ultrasound complications could be diagnosed earlier and treated before damaging the spleen, liver, lymph nodes or death to occur.
Assessment of gestational age is paramount in obstetric care. This study was to evaluate the gestational age (GA) by measuring the Umbilical Cord Diameter (UCD) in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and to compare the findings with the Femur Length (FL), Bi-parietal Diameter (BPD) and Last Menstrual Period (LMP). Fifty Sudanese Pregnant women underwent routine sonographic examination using 3.5MHz curve liner transducer; the sonographic cross-sectional area of the umbilical cord was measured in a plane adjacent to the insertion of the cord into the fetal abdomen. Maternal age and number of parity have been evaluated. The relation was statistically significant between UCD depth, width and GA. Gestational age can be predicted and can be depicted by the following equations: GA= (1.380 × UCD length +8.160) and GA= (1.545× UCD width+5.943). There was unsubstantial relation between UCD and maternal age. A linear relationship was found between parity and the UCD depth and width. Using paired T-test indicates that the GAs calculated from FL was accurate, there was no significant difference detected between the LMP age and the estimated one and UCD depth, width, but BPD showed significant difference at p = 0.005 .Measuring UCD is useful for the assessment of gestational age. It has a role in obstetric care in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and these equations can be used to estimate the gestational age instead of BPD and FL.
Assessment of entrance skin doses for patients in Digital radiography examinations should be made as a means for the optimization of the radiation protection of the patients. We measured the entrance skin dose (ESD) received by 50 pediatrics undergoing 12 types of diagnostic X-ray examination at Radiology Department of Asser Central Hospital-KSA. The entrance skin dose ESD was determined via measurements parameters: focus to skin distance (FSD), tube current (mAs) and tube voltage (kV) in arithmetical equation. The mean ± SD for ESDs were found to be 0
The objective of this study is to assess commonly used formulae (Sheppard, Campbell, Hadlock I, II, III, and IV) for estimation of fetal weight in Sudanese population. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Saudi Hospital-Khartoum-Sudan; from December 2015 to April 2016. The study included 225 singleton pregnancies. The fetal biometry-Biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL) and actual birth weights (ABW) were taken. Statistical analysis showed significant results at p ≤ 0.005. Results showed that the significant highest positive correlation between the ABW and the EFW/Kg was seen in the Hadlock I, III and IV equations having an equal values (0.951) followed by Hadlock II (0.946), Sheppard (0.872) and lastly Campbell (−0.925) with significant high degree of negative correlation. The new established equation EFWFLHCAC is the best formula identified in our study to predict Sudanese babies weight ranged between 1.86 Kg to 3.987 Kg.
Assessment of amniotic fluid volume in diabetic pregnancies is important for maternal and fetus health judgment and pregnancy outcome and for this reason the purpose of this study is relevant using two ultrasonographic methods. The study included 49 Sudanese pregnant women with diabetes mellitus and 20 subjects as control group .The study was conducted at Omdurman Military hospital and Al -Saudi hospital in the period from December 2011 to April 2012. Ultrasound was done by using Mindray 6600, 2200 ultrasound machine fitted with 3.5 MHZ convex probe. Amniotic fluid volume (AFV) was measured by largest pocket and Amniotic fluid index (AFI) .The mean AFI for control group was found to be (16.6±2.4) and the largest pocket was (6.6±0.7),for diabetic sample AFI was (20.3±5.6), largest pocket was (7.4±1.9).T-test showed that AFI was found to be 4.66 at p <0.001, largest pocket was 2.93 at p-value 0.005. There is significant difference between AFI measurements and largest pocket for diabetic pregnant ladies compared to the control group.Measurements of AFV using ultrasound compared with type of diabetic and diabetic status is of great value to categorize the relative risk of complications related to diabetes.
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