Indiscriminate use of antibiotics often results in the development of resistant microbial strains. The unprecedented increase in cases of antimicrobial drug resistance, the discovery of newer agents, particularly from natural plant metabolites, are required for the control of such prevalent and recurring infectious diseases worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts from different parts of Tagetes patula, Tagetes erecta, and Tagetes minuta, which are important medicinal plants. Five grams of airdried flower, leaf, and bud (only for T. patula and T. erecta) samples were extracted three times with methanol: water (4:1) at room temperature in the dark for 24 h. The methanol: water extracts were combined, filtered, and concentrated to dryness using a rotary evaporator at 40 °C. The extracts were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against nine indicator strains [three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis), three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and three fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Phytophthora erythroseptica)] by Agar well diffusion assay. Broth microdilution method was used to determine minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) of the extracts that showed antimicrobial activity against Grampositive bacteria and P. erythroseptica. The T. patula leaf extracts led to the highest antibacterial activity against B. subtilis ATCC 6633 with an inhibition zone of 17 mm and a MIC value of 256 µg/ml. The bud and flower extracts of T. patula were potent against the same strain at an intermediary level. Also, the T. erecta bud extracts inhibited the growth of E. faecalis ATCC 29212 at a moderate level. In this study, only the T. patula flower extracts showed antifungal activity against P. erythroseptica strain with a MIC value of 426.7 µg/ml. Our findings make an excellent contribution to revealing the antimicrobial activity of T. erecta, T. patula and T. minuta by comparing the methanol-extracted leaf, bud, and flower parts at a single experimental setup.
Özet: Tagetes minuta, Asteraceae familyasından tek yıllık, dik olarak gelişen ve 2 metreye kadar boylanabilen otsu bir bitkidir. Bitkinin anavatanı Güney Amerika'dır. Günümüzde tıbbi ve aromatik amaçlı kullanılmakla beraber kurutulmuş yaprakları, çorba, et ve salatalara tat-aroma katmak, insektisit, oda kokusu gibi birçok farklı kullanım alanına sahiptir. Bu çalışma Tagetes minuta bitkisinin in vitro ortamda doku kültürü parametrelerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarımsal Biyoteknoloji Bölümü laboratuvarlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bitki doku kültürü ana materyali olan tohumlar Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü çeşit bahçesinden alınmıştır. İlk önce olgunlaşmış tohumlara yüzey sterilizasyon optimizasyonu uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra steril hale getirilen tohumlar doku kültürü kabininde, içerisinde bitki büyüme düzenleyicisi içermeyen Murashige ve Skoog (MS) besi ortamına ekilmiştir. Ardından 2 gün karanlık ortamda, 8 gün iklim dolabında 18-25 ℃'de tutulmuştur. Bu ortamda gelişen bitkilerden alınan eksplantlar, farklı konsantrasyonlarda indol asetik asit (IAA) ve benzilaminopurin (BAP) içeren ortamlara konulmuş ve en ideal bitki rejenerasyon optimizasyonu veren ortam belirlenmiştir. Eksplant kaynağı olarak in vitro ortamda yetiştirilen bitkiden elde edilen hipokotil eksplantlar kullanılmıştır. Eksplantlar farklı konsantrasyon ve kombinasyonlarda BAP ve IAA içeren MS besin ortamlarında kültüre alınmıştır. En ideal besi ortamının denendiği araştırmada, in vitro koşullarda bitki rejenerasyonu, rejenerasyon yüzdesi ve kallus oranı incelenmiştir. Yapılan istatistiksel analizler sonucunda farklı bitki büyüme düzenleyicisi konstrasyonları ile eksplant kaynaklarının, bitkinin rejenerasyonuna etkisi olduğu gözlenmiştir.
Aromatic herbs and spices are enormous and sustainable resource of natural compounds with various useful features in Iran. They have a variety of applications, especially in the treatment of disease and in order to create a pleasant scent and smell of food have been used since ancient times. Today, some of these plants are commercially grown and used in a variety of production of components. Our presentation is a study of the medicinal herbs of Eastern Azerbaijan. The province of Azerbaijan consists of two eastern and western parts. East Azerbaijan settles in the north-west of Iran. Eastern Azerbaijan has a cool and dry climate due to its mountainous region. There are approximately 1,300 species and 510 species of plants in Eastern Azer-baijan. These species have the most healing properties. In Eastern Azerbaijan regions, medicinal plants are usually collected by locals from mountains and meadows. Eastern Azerbaijan medicinal plants are not scientifically well known, but are traditionally used in rural areas. Usually used medicinal herbs in the area belong to Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Urticaceae, Apiaceae and Grossulariacea family. Some of the plants are Artemisia absinthium L, Sambucus nigra, Thymus Kotschyanus, Nasturtium officinale, Achillea millefolium L., Stachys schtschegleevi, Mentha longifolia L., Ecballium elaterium L., Leonurus cardiaca L., Cornus mas L., Rhus coriaria L., Salvia sclarea L., Hippophaer hamnoides L., Marrubium vulgare, Tanacetum balsamita L., Trifolium pratense L., Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam., Echium vulgare L. The purpose of the research is to introduce the method of use of medicinal plants in Eastern Azerbaijan.
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