Anthocyanins are responsible for the coloration of common bean seeds, and their accumulation is positively correlated with the expression level of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. The MBW (MYB-bHLH-WD40) complex is thought to regulate the expression of these genes, and MYB proteins, which are a key factor in activating anthocyanin pathway genes, have been identified in several plants. This study demonstrated gene structures, chromosomal placements, gene duplications of R2R3-MYBs, miRNAs associated with R2R3-MYBs, and the interaction of these genes with other flavonoid regulatory genes. qRT-PCR was used to investigate the role of specific R2R3-MYBs and flavonoid genes in common bean seed color development. As a result of a comprehensive analysis with the help of in silico tools, we identified 160 R2R3-MYB genes in the common bean genome. We divided these genes into 16 classes on the basis of their intron-exon and motif structures. Except for three, the rest of the common bean R2R3-MYB members were distributed to all chromosomes with different densities, primarily located on chromosomes 3 and 8. We identified a total of 44 duplicated gene pairs dispersed across 11 chromosomes and evolved under purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1), 19 of which were derived from a whole-genome duplication. Our research uncovered 25 putative repressor PvMYB proteins that contain the EAR motif. Additionally, fifty different cis-regulatory elements regulated by light, stress, and hormone were identified. Within the genome of the common bean, we discovered a total of 36 microRNAs that target a total of 72 R2R3-MYB transcripts. The effect of 16 R2R3-MYB genes and 16 phenylpropanoid pathway genes, selected on the basis of their interaction in the protein-protein interaction map, playing role in the regulation of seed coat color development was evaluated using qRT-PCR in 5 different tissues at different developmental stages. The results revealed that these specific genes have different expression levels during different developmental periods, with higher levels in the pod filling and early pod stages than in the rest of the developmental periods. Furthermore, it was shown that PvTT8 (bHLH), PvTT2 (PvMYB42), PvMYB113, PvTTG1, and PvWD68 genes have effects on the regulation of seed coat color. The findings of this study, which is the first to use whole-genome analysis to identify and characterize the R2R3-MYB genes in common bean, may serve as a reference for future functional research in the legume.
Heteroaromatic indoles play a leading role in the development of pharmaceutical, medical, chemical and agricultural fields due to their structural properties. In this study, it was first time that biological properties of (antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and apoptotis-induced anticancer) 3-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-1ethyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole 4 and 3-([2,2'-bithiophen]-5-yl)-1ethyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole 5 were described. According to the overall results, while 4 did not show any significant cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, 5 showed high reduc-ing activity and very strong antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. Furthermore, 5 showed dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in all tested cell lines. The EC 50 values of the 5 were found to be 16 μM for CaCo-2, 29 μM for LnCaP, 14 μM for MDA-MB231, 21 μM for HepG2 and 87 μM for HEK293 cells, respectively. 5 also caused induction of apoptosis and promising glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme inhibition in HepG2 cells. Consequently, 5 could be also considered as a promising medical agent in cancer treatment.[a] Dr. M.
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics often results in the development of resistant microbial strains. The unprecedented increase in cases of antimicrobial drug resistance, the discovery of newer agents, particularly from natural plant metabolites, are required for the control of such prevalent and recurring infectious diseases worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts from different parts of Tagetes patula, Tagetes erecta, and Tagetes minuta, which are important medicinal plants. Five grams of airdried flower, leaf, and bud (only for T. patula and T. erecta) samples were extracted three times with methanol: water (4:1) at room temperature in the dark for 24 h. The methanol: water extracts were combined, filtered, and concentrated to dryness using a rotary evaporator at 40 °C. The extracts were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against nine indicator strains [three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis), three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and three fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Phytophthora erythroseptica)] by Agar well diffusion assay. Broth microdilution method was used to determine minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) of the extracts that showed antimicrobial activity against Grampositive bacteria and P. erythroseptica. The T. patula leaf extracts led to the highest antibacterial activity against B. subtilis ATCC 6633 with an inhibition zone of 17 mm and a MIC value of 256 µg/ml. The bud and flower extracts of T. patula were potent against the same strain at an intermediary level. Also, the T. erecta bud extracts inhibited the growth of E. faecalis ATCC 29212 at a moderate level. In this study, only the T. patula flower extracts showed antifungal activity against P. erythroseptica strain with a MIC value of 426.7 µg/ml. Our findings make an excellent contribution to revealing the antimicrobial activity of T. erecta, T. patula and T. minuta by comparing the methanol-extracted leaf, bud, and flower parts at a single experimental setup.
Thiophene derivatives are studied intensively due to their anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant and some other clinically important properties. In this study, the biological properties of a new thiophene derivative, so called BMPT, with a moderate drug score of 0.29 were tested. BMPT showed selective cytotoxicity for LnCap, HepG2 and Caco‐2 cancer cell lines with EC50 values of 138.573 μM, 185.931 μM, and 108.657 μM, respectively, but not on the control cell line HEK293. The increased expressions were detected for caspase3, caspase8, caspase9 and Bax; but Bcl‐2 expressions were decreased at cancer cell lines. BMPT decreased the total thiol content and total GST activities at HepG2 47 % and 40 %, respectively, and, molecular docking supported inhibitory models for GSTP1‐1, GSTA1‐1 and GSTM2‐2 were mixed, uncompetitive and uncompetitive, respectively. BMPT also showed potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Related with its selective inhibition on GST activities, BMPT is proposed to have significant apoptotic effect leaded by changes, especially, in caspase 3, Bcl‐2 and Bax expressions.
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