Background: There are two kinds of retainers: removable retainer and fixed retainer. Removable retainer is an orthodontic retainer which can be inserted and removed by the patient, whereas fixed retainer is bonded permanently on teeth, it cannot be removed by the patient. It is important to know which retainer that most effective based on the existing case. Purpose: To identify the comparison between removable and fixed retainers in orthodontic treatment. Review: Hawley retainer, Beggs retainer, clip on retainer, Kesling’stooth positioners and invisible retainer are removable retainers whereas fixed retainers include banded retainer, bonded retainer and band & spur type retainer. Comparison between removable and fix retainer can be evaluated from several aspects such as: cost, aesthetics, fabrication process, durability, occlusion, hygiene and convenience of use. Conclusion: Whether removable or fixed retainers can be effectively used to prevent relapse post orthodontic treatment depending onthe existing case.
Background: Tongue thrusting is a behavior pattern in which the tongue protrudes through the anterior incisors and pushes the anterior teeth at rest position, during speech or swallowing. This bad habit causes malocclusion, but removable or fixed tongue crib appliance can be used to eliminate it. Purpose: To know various kinds of fixed tongue crib that can be used to overcome tongue thrust habit. Review: Habit is a repeated behavior pattern in the normal development stage. Tongue thrust makes oral muscle imbalance which eventually resulted in malocclusions such as incisor protruded and open bite. Several efforts can be done to overcome this habit including speech therapy, myofunctional therapy, tongue exercise and tongue crib orthodontic appliance usage. Tongue crib is used to returns the tongue to the normal position. Various forms of tongue crib are almost the same in the way they are made by soldering the crib to the maxillary first molar band. Conclusion: Tongue thrust habit can be corrected with fixed or removable tongue crib appliances such as hybrid habit correcting appliance, tongue crib with cold cured acrylic tongue shield, fixed palatal crib with transpalatal arch, fixed tongue loops, tongue fence, and upper hay rake.
Background: Anterior crossbite is a case that when upper anterior are positioned palatally than lower anterior teeth in centric occlusion. Orthodontic appliances using expansion screw could be solution for tooth anterior crossbite treatment. Purpose: To figure out the optimal fabrication process of orthodontic appliances in single tooth anterior crossbite case using expansion screw. Case analysis: Dental laboratory provided the maxillary dental appliance with single tooth anterior crossbite on teeth 21. Dental technician also received orthodontic appliance using expansion screw. Result: Orthodontic appliance design was Adams claps on teeth 16, 26, labial bow on teeth 13, 12, 11, 21, 22, 23. Additional posterior bite plane, also expansion screw was located on maxillary left first incisor, palatal section. Conclusion: Design and making orthodontic appliances using expansion screw begins with drawing design, positioning Adams clasps and labial bow sectional screw mini mounting, then acrylic packing. Final step was finishing polishing acrylic plate.
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Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is still widely used in medical, dental and industry. Inhalation is the important MMA occupational exposure route. Previous studies have shown that MMA may cause a wide range of adverse health effects such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis and increase the risk of asthma, nasal symptoms and phlegm. Eucalyptol, an active ingredient containing antioxidants has been shown to be able to inhibit the production of ROS and increase IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study was done to determine the effect of eucalyptol on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in the airways of mice exposed to methyl methacrylate (MMA). This true experimental laboratory study involved the use of 30 mice as research subjects which were divided into five groups: a normal control group (K0), a positive control group (K1) and three treatment groups that were administered with 5mg, 10mg and 15mg doses of eucalyptol (P1, P2 and P3). The subjects were placed in a glass cage containing 150ppm MMA vapor nebulized with eucalyptol vapor for 120 minutes. The subjects were subsequently terminated and their lung tissue removed. Observation of the expression of SOD and IL-10 was carried out by immunohistochemical examination. MMA exposure significantly increased SOD (p <0.05). Administration of eucalyptol 5mg, 10mg and 15mg can reduce SOD, so that it was not different from K0 group. Only at a dose of 10mg and 15mg, eucalyptol was able to increase the expression of IL-10. It is concluded that Eucalyptol can reduce the expression of SOD and increase IL-10 expression in airway of mice exposed to MMA vapor.
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