Strain CMU-1, identified as a member of Angiococcus disciformis (Thaxter) Jahn 1924, was isolated from aquatic habitats in the fossa region of Davis Lake (Vestaburg Bog), Michigan. The myxobacter produced orange fruiting bodies consisting of numerous disk-shaped to oblate spheroid-shaped sporangia (average, 40 by 27 pm; 15 pm thick). The sporangia comprising the fruiting body occurred singly or were clumped in irregular masses upon a solid substrate. Mature myxospores ranged in shape from irregular spheres (1 pm in diameter) to ovals (1 by 1.5 pm). Vegetative rods were motile by gliding and measured 0.5 to 0.75 by 3 to 14 pm. The guanine plus cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acid extracted from A. disciformis CMU-1 was 68.4 mol%. Strain CMU-1 (ATCC 33172) has the properties recorded in the original description of Myxococcus disciformis by Thaxter, and it is herein proposed as the neotype strain of this organism. Because the myxospores were contained within sporangia, the organism cannot belong to the genus Myxococcus, and we propose that it properly belongs in the genus Angiococcus Jahn 1924.
The problem of whether Clostridium sordellii should be assigned species status or be retained as a pathogenic variant of C. bifermentans is a perplexing one. Despite marked similarities in morphology, colony formation, and biochemical reactions (Clark and Hall,
The widespread distribution of fruiting myxobacteria in the soil is fairly well known; however, there have never been reports on these bacteria isolated from the sand of an ocean beach. To
Unfixed fruiting bodies of myxobacters have been viewed in great detail with a scanning electron microscope. Specimens of species of the genera Myxococcus, Chondrococcus, Archangium, Stelangium, Melittangium, Cystobacter, Polyangium, StigmatelZa, and Chondromyces were examined. The desirability of using the scanning electron microscope for the study of the gross morphology of myxobacter structures has been clearly demonstrated.The fruiting myxobacters possess a life cycle of three phases: the vegetative growth phase, in which the bacilli grow and reproduce by binary-transverse fission; the aggregative phase, in which vegetative cells in a localized area move toward a central point t o initiate the formation of a fruiting body; and last, the fruiting-body phase, a period that results in the establishment of a mature fruiting body. The fruiting body contains or bears the resting cells, microcysts, or myxospores and has a morphology that is typical for the given species. Myxobacters are usually identified by the form and structure of the mature fruiting body. In the past the gross morphology of fruiting bodies has been illustrated primarily by three techniques: a brief chronological listing of these includes line drawings by Thaxter (9), lithographs by Jahn (2), and photomicrographs obtained by compound microscopy (McCurdy Scanning electron microscopy has only recently been employed in the study of myxobacter fruiting bodies. I. L. Roth (Bacteriol. Proc., p. 21, 1971) (7) reported the observation of a number of myxobacters by scanning electron microscopy. The present scanning electron microscopy study (presented in part at the 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pa., April 1972) was undertaken to expand on the documentation of the fine detail of the fruiting bodies of myxobacters. MATERIALS AND METHODSMyxobactez specimens. The specimens of fruiting myxobacters were obtained from the herbarium collection of one of us (E.R.B.). The fruiting bodies were on various substrates, either bark, rabbit pellets, filter paper, or membrane filter, and most were at least 10 years old. All of the isolates were identified according to Bergey's Manual (1) and the studies of McCurdy (4-6). The Myxococcus fulvus specimen was from a rabbit pellet culture isolated from South Carolina soil. The Myxococcus xanthus and Chondromyces crocatus specimens were also from rabbit pellet cultures, and both had been isolated from soil collected in Missouri. The specimen of Myxococcus stipitatus, isolated from a Michigan stream, was on a membrane filter. Chondrococcus coralloides no. 1 and the Cystobacter fuscus specimen were from rabbit pellet cultures isolated from St. John, U.S.V.I. soil. C. coralloides no. 2 and the Archangium primigenium and Melittangium lichenicolum specimens were from Ulmus americana bark collected in Missouri. The specimen of Stelangium muscorum was from Juglans nigra bark collected in Missouri. The Polyangiurn vitellinum and Stigmatella aurantiaca specimens were both from Lirioden...
Myxobacters were found to be common inhabitants of the arid soils from the Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, area. Thirteen species of the genera Myxococcus, Archangium, Cystobacter, Stigmatella, Polyangium , and Chondromyces were isolated on a mineral salts agar supplemented with bakers' yeast and filter paper. Greater species diversity per soil sample was found in the region receiving 400 to 800 mm of annual rainfall as compared with soils from an area having only 200 to 400 mm of rainfall.
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