Hard ticks are the vectors of many pathogens including tick-borne encephalitis virus and the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. In Eastern Siberia, Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor nuttalli, Dermacentor silvarum and Haemaphysalis concinna are regarded as aggressive to humans. Recently, significant changes in world tick fauna have been reported and this affects the spread of tick-borne pathogens. We studied the current species diversity, population structure and prevalence of tick-borne pathogens of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) that attacked humans in Eastern Siberia (Irkutsk region, Russia). In total, 31,892 individual ticks were identified and analysed during the years 2007-2014. The majority (85.4%) of victims was bitten by I. persulcatus, 14.55% of attacks on humans were caused by D. nuttalli and D. silvarum, whereas H. concinna was documented only in 15 cases (0.05%). The seasonal activity and the age/gender structure of the tick population were studied as well. Among all the studied ticks, three unconventional species, i.e. Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor reticulatus and Amblyomma americanum, were identified. Analysis of tick bite histories indicates at least three events of invasion of non-endemic ticks into the ecosystems of northern Eurasia with harsh continental climates. Invading ticks are able to reach the adult life stage and are aggressive to the local human population. Phylogenetic analysis of mt 16S rRNA gene fragments suggests multiple independent routes of tick migration to Eastern Siberia. Possible implications to human health and epidemiology of tick-borne infections are discussed.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of tick-borne infections in humans. The prevalence of 4 tick-borne pathogens was studied in the population of Ixodid ticks attacking human hosts in Irkutsk city and neighbouring territories from 2007 to 2017. Methods and Results:In total, 46,357 tick specimens detached from bitten people were analyzed. The antigen of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was detected in each tick individually by ELISA assay using a commercial kit for the envelope protein E of TBEV. Total RNA and DNA were extracted from ticks using a RiboPrep kit. Reverse transcription was performed using a Reverta-L kit and RNA\DNA of TBEV; B. burgdorferi sensu lato, A. phagocytophylum and Ehrlichia muris\E. chaffeensis were detected using a real-time multiplex PCR kit. In total, during 8 years of observations, I. persulcatus caused approximately 86% of bites, Dermacentor sp. 13.95 %, and H. concinna 0.05 %. The most prevalent tick-borne pathogen in I. persulcatus ticks was Lyme disease agent B. burgdorferi sensu lato, which was detected in 12±6.5% of specimens annually. A. phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia sp. were detected in 7.8±2.7% and 4.6±1.5% of specimens, respectively. TBEV was present in 1±0.7% of I. persulcatus. Conclusion
s / International Journal of Infectious Diseases 79(S1) (2019) 1-150 137 environmental and skin contaminants; however, Brevundimonas nasdae was detected in 3 out of the 6 FPLIs (50%), in addition to all of the aforementioned flora using the single assay detection protocol. Overall, the distribution of flora in ulcers of severe (n = 2) and non-severe phenotypes (n = 4) did not differ (p = 1.000).Conclusion: CL ulcers with a secondarily-infected phenotype are universally treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, often without microbiological confirmation of presence of bacterial pathogens. Therefore, understanding the presence and complement of bacterial potential pathogens in ulcers of CL has implications for antimicrobial stewardship and evidence-based management strategies. WGS enables detection and identification of the full range of organisms present in the microbiome of the CL ulcer. Further prospective analysis, including additional WGS studies of CL ulcers, is necessary to determine the role of empiric antibiotic therapy in CL ulcers with an inflammatory phenotype.
Background. Early detection of tick-borne pathogens in blood samples of infected people prevents the disease before clinical manifestations using antibiotic and immunoglobulin treatment. As far as tick-borne diseases are associated with significant activation of innate immune response, the changes in the cytokine profile soon after a tick bite could be used as an indicator of early tick-borne infection. Aims. The goal of this study was to characterize the production of cytokines during first 2-4 days after a tick bite in asymptomatic people infected with tick-borne pathogens. Materials and methods. The infection of tick-borne encephalitis virus, B. burgdorferi sensu lato, A. phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis / E. muris was detected in blood of bitten humans using appropriate commercial real time RT-PCR and ELISA assays. Concentration of 14 cytokines in plasma of 89 infected and 45 non-infected people was established using quantitative ELISA kits. Results. Between 2 nd and 4 th days after tick bite, the prevalence and concentration of certain cytokines in blood of infected people significantly differed from those of the control group. Bacterial pathogens exhibited very similar patterns of cytokine profiles with induction of IL-1α, IL-8 и IFN-α and suppression of SOD, IL-1Ra и IL-17A. For virus infection the increased concentrations of IL-1α, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ and SOD were detected. The only suppressed cytokine was IL-1Ra receptor antagonist. Conclusions. The results suggest that evaluation of innate immune response between 2 nd and 4 th days after the tick bite could be a useful tool for evaluation of the risk of tick-borne disease for the humans bitten by ticks.
Эпидемиология 89 ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ УДК 616-093/-098Болотова Н.А., Хаснатинов М.А., Ляпунов А.В., Манзарова Э.Л., Соловаров И.С., Данчинова Г.А. МНОГОЛЕТНИЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ПОРАЖАЕМОСТИ
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