To explain the semantic and syntactic compositionality of bounded interpretations, I propose here that events with a definite end point involve interpretation of the verb and either a bounded direct object or a bounded PP in the checking domain of Asp(ect)P, whereas unbounded events involve interpretation in a projection lower in the clause. This analysis explains the syntactic behavior of the ambiguous adverb quickly. In addition, it follows from the analysis that durative adjuncts are adjoined to VP, while time frame adjuncts are adjoined to AspP. Constructions involving preposition stranding, scope of only, parasitic gaps, and semantic restrictions on adjunct PP objects support this approach.This article is concerned with how semantic information regarding aktionsart is represented in the syntax. The term aktionsart, or aspect, refers to the internal temporal structure of events. 1 An example of an aspectual distinction is the contrast between (1a) and (1b); in (1a), the event of writing is viewed as continuous, whereas in (1b), the event of writing is viewed as finished.(1) a. Mary was writing a book.b. Mary wrote a book.I propose here that, assuming the minimalist framework, a syntactic analysis of contrasts such as that between (1a) and (1b) is available in terms of feature checking; events with a definite end point such as the one in (1b) involve interpretation of the verb and either a bounded direct object or a bounded PP in the checking domain of Asp(ect)P, whereas events with no end point specified such as the one in (1a) require that VP constituents be located in a projection lower in the clause than AspP for interpretation.Evidence for this structural distinction comes from the syntactic distribution of the ambiguous adverb quickly, which can modify either the manner or the end point of an event. I argue that when quickly modifies the manner, it is adjoined to VP, and when it modifies the end point, it is adjoined to AspP. This approach explains certain linear order restrictions and preposing facts involving quickly.Next, I investigate the syntax of durative and time frame adjuncts, arguing that, depending on whether the adjunct modifies the duration or the end point of the event, it is adjoined to VP or to AspP. Data involving preposition stranding, scope of only, and parasitic gap constructions I would like to thank the following people for discussion of the ideas presented here: Stefan Engelberg, Norbert Hornstein, Nobue Mori, Jairo Nunes, and Juan Uriagereka. I am grateful to two anonymous reviewers for very helpful comments on this article. 1 The term event used here is a generic term intended to include different aspectual types; it does not refer to a particular aspectual class (e.g., events vs. states).
This article explores the interface between the syntactic and semantic representation of natural language with respect to the interpretation of time. The main claim of the paper is that the semantic relationship of temporal dependency requires syntactic locality at LF. Based on this claim, I explore the syntax and semantics of gerundive relative clauses. I argue that since gerundive relatives are temporally dependent on the tense of the main clause, they need to be local with a temporal element of the main clause at LF. I show that gerundive relatives receive different temporal interpretations depending on their syntactic position at LF. This analysis sheds light on the behavior of gerundive relatives in constructions involving coordination, existential there, scope of quantificational and cardinality adverbials, extraposition, presuppositionality effects and binding-theoretic reconstruction effects.
We operationally defined verbal behavior categories for clients, the Client Verbal Behavior System (CL-VBS), and for counselors, the Counselor Verbal Behavior System (CO-VBS), to match the categories in the Carkhuff (Carkhuff & Anthony, 1979) and Ivey (Ivey & Authier, 1978) training models, in order to study the acquisition of the skills and their impact on client responses and outcomes. Experts established the content validity. We tested for reliability in two ways: judge agreement with a criterion set by experts, and interjudge consistency. Both reliabilities were highly significant. The criterion analysis revealed sources of errors, which showed how to improve the systems' designs and the training. As a result of this study, the CL-VBS and the CO-VBS are ready for the study of the efficacy of the Carkhuff and Ivey training models, the impact of counselor skills on clients, reciprocal interaction effects, and the impact of these factors on client outcomes.
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