Perception of advertising is higher among young smokers; market-share patterns across age and sex groups follow the perceived advertising patterns; and changes in market share resulting from advertising occur mainly in younger smokers. Cigarette advertising encourages youth to smoke and should be banned.
Purpose
The purpose of the paper is to identify trends changing travel and tourism to help managers and researchers better understand these trends. This understanding will help organizations remain competitive in today’s dynamic environment. The rapid advance of technology is changing how consumers evaluate, use and discuss hospitality and tourism products. The common theme among the four trends in this paper is technology. The authors identified four trends related to technology and discuss the impact of these trends on hospitality and tourism. The paper provides implications for mangers and researchers.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper reviewed both academic and trade literature to provide an overview of trends that are changing travel and tourism.
Findings
The author identified four trends: technology with a focus on robotics and artificial intelligence, big data analytics, social media and online communities and the sharing economy. The findings provide valuable insights for practitioners and researchers.
Originality/value
This paper provides a current view of how the advances in technology have evolved into four separate trends that are effecting both management and consumers. The current implications of these four trends are discussed as well as implications for the future.
Purpose
While netnography was established to study virtual communities from the traditional ethnography methodology, over time it has evolved and moved away from standard ethnographic practices. The modifications are especially prevalent in hospitality and tourism research because of the nature of experiential and service-based goods. This gap has created exciting new opportunities for researchers. As netnography has matured into its own methodology, it has provided the opportunity for researchers to use netnography techniques or more traditional techniques by following ethnography methodologies. This paper aims to analyze the differences between these two methodologies within hospitality and tourism literature enabling researchers to choose the methodology that is most suited for their project.
Design/methodology/approach
This study reviews netnographic research in hospitality and tourism and compares current uses of netnography against traditional ethnographic methodologies.
Findings
There are four major differentiating points between netnography and ethnography: online community definitions, data collection methodologies, ethics in research and data analysis techniques.
Practical implications
In comparing ethnography and netnography in hospitality and tourism research, this analysis provides a foundation to evaluate the best use and best practices for these two distinct qualitative methodologies in the field. The study also provides references to how other hospitality and tourism researchers have used netnography.
Originality/value
Ethnographic principles grounded in the foundation of anthropological doctrines are important and distinct from netnography. The ability to use the diverse tools in the qualitative methods toolbox will help hospitality and tourism researchers understand the transforming marketplace.
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