Background: The biceps brachii is one of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the upper arm. It is characteristically described as a two-headed muscle that originates proximally by a long head and a short head. The present study was carried out to find the occurrence of a third head of biceps brachii among a sample Indian population. Materials and Methods: The arms of 35 adult cadavers were dissected and observed for variations in the origin and insertion of biceps brachii muscle bilaterally. Results: Among the 70 arms studied, three had 3-headed biceps brachii, 2 on the left and 1 on the right side. All the third heads were of humeral origin, which inserted into the radial tuberosity by a common tendon with the long and short heads. Conclusion: Knowledge of the existence of the third head of biceps brachii may enhance pre-operative evaluation, facilitate surgical intervention within the arm and improve postoperative outcomes.

Background: The humerus is bone of the arm. It is a long bone. Having knowledge on the location of the nutrient foramen can prevent a damage to the nutrient artery and can minimize the formation of a delayed union or a nonunion of the fracture. The study was aimed at analyzing the nutrient foramen in dry adult humerii with reference to its number and location. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 50 dry adult humerii preserved in the Department of Anatomy, JNIMS, Imphal. The bones were of unknown sex. The length of the bone, foraminal index, number of nutrient foramen, direction of the nutrient foramen and location of nutrient foramen were noted. Results: The frequency of humerus with single nutrient foramen was highest (84%) while 16% of humerii had two nutrient foramen. In horizontal location of nutrient foramen, 48% of humerii had nutrient foramen in anteromedial surface, 40% at the medial border. In vertical location of nutrient foramen of humerii, 94% of nutrient foramen were located in zone II and 6% in zone III. Conclusion: Knowledge on nutrient foramen of humerus will help surgeons in avoiding a limited area of the cortex of the long bone containing the nutrient foramen during an open reduction. The present study refutes the general notation that nutrient foramen of humerus is in its anteromedial surface as less than 50% is present on this surface.

Background: Spleen is a large encapsulated mass of vascular and lymphoid tissue. Clinically, study of spleen is important in immunological and haematological disorders. The purpose of the study is to analyse the morphological variations of spleen and to compare them with previous studies.Materials and methods: The present study was carried out with 35 spleens at the Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur and the various morphological variations were observed.Results: Out of the 35 spleens studied, 6 spleens were tetrahedral, 12 spleens were triangular, 15 spleens were wedge shaped and 2 spleens were oval shaped. The mean length was 10.91cm, the mean breadth was 6.7cm and the mean width was 4.9cm.Conclusions: 35 normal spleens were studied and their shapes, lengths, breadths, widths were analysed.

No abstract