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HIV-2-infected patients with CD4 cell counts of 500 cells/microl and greater had a significantly lower mortality rate than HIV-1-infected patients. HIV-2-infected patients with advanced disease had the same poor prognosis as patients with HIV-1. Dually infected patients had mortality rates similar to HIV-1.

Adolescence is a critical time for the continued maturation of brain networks. Here, we assessed structural connectome development in a large longitudinal sample ranging from childhood to young adulthood. By projecting high-dimensional connectomes into compact manifold spaces, we identified a marked expansion of structural connectomes with the strongest effects in transmodal regions during adolescence. Findings reflected increased within-module connectivity together with increased segregation, indicating increasing differentiation of higher-order association networks from the rest of the brain. Projection of subcortico-cortical connectivity patterns into these manifolds showed parallel alterations in pathways centered on the caudate and thalamus. Connectome findings were contextualized via spatial transcriptome association analysis, highlighting genes enriched in cortex, thalamus, and striatum. Statistical learning of cortical and subcortical manifold features at baseline and their maturational change predicted measures of intelligence at follow-up. Our findings demonstrate that connectome manifold learning can bridge the conceptual and empirical gaps between macroscale network reconfigurations, microscale processes, and cognitive outcomes in adolescent development.

A community-based study of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection was conducted in a rural village in northern Guinea Bissau, West Africa to assess the relationship between plasma HIV-2 RNA levels, CD4 lymphocyte percentage, and survival over an 8-year period. The cohort of 133 HIV-2-infected individuals and 160 HIV-uninfected controls enrolled in 1991 were followed up at home until 1998. Thirty-one (23%) HIV-2-infected and 24 (16%) HIV-uninfected individuals died over the follow-up period (mortality hazard ratio 1.7, 95% CI 1.0, 2.9; p= 0.06). In HIV-2-infected individuals, the median HIV-2 RNA level was 347 copies/ml and the mean CD4% was 28.6. Both plasma viremia and CD4% were independent predictors of survival, with hazard ratios increasing by 1.6 (95% CI, 1.1, 2.3) for each log(10) increase of plasma viremia and 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) for each 10% decrease of CD4%. Infected subjects with a plasma viral load >or= the median (347 copies/ml) and a CD4%

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