Mortality of HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dually infected patients in a clinic-based cohort in The Gambia

Loeff, Maarten F. Schim van der; Jaffar, Shabbar; Aveika, Akum; Sabally, S; Corrah, Tumani; Harding, Elizabeth; Alabi, Abraham; Bayang, Alhajie; Ariyoshi, Koya; Whittle, Hilton

doi:10.1097/00002030-200209060-00010

Cited by 95 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The vast majority of HIV-2-infected individuals experience non-progressive disease [1] and the mortality rate of this subset is not significantly higher than the uninfected population [1,2]. HIV-2 can cause AIDS in a minority of infected individuals [3], however, most HIV-2-infected individuals behave as long-term non-progressors (LTNP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyfunctional T cell responses are a hallmark of HIV‐2 infection

et al. 2008

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HIV-2 is distinguished clinically and immunologically from HIV-1 infection by delayed disease progression and maintenance of HIV-specific CD4(+) T cell help in most infected subjects. Thus, HIV-2 provides a unique natural human model in which to investigate correlates of immune protection against HIV disease progression. Here, we report a detailed assessment of the HIV-2-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response compared to HIV-1, using polychromatic flow cytometry to assess the quality of the HIV-specific T cell response by measuring IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF-alpha, MIP-1beta, and CD107a mobilization (degranulation) simultaneously following Gag peptide stimulation. We find that HIV-2-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are more polyfunctional that those specific for HIV-1 and that polyfunctional HIV-2-specific T cells produce more IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on a per-cell basis than monofunctional T cells. Polyfunctional HIV-2-specific CD4(+) T cells were generally more differentiated and expressed CD57, while there was no association between function and phenotype in the CD8(+) T cell fraction. Polyfunctional HIV-specific T cell responses are a hallmark of non-progressive HIV-2 infection and may be related to good clinical outcome in this setting

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyfunctional T cell responses are a hallmark of HIV‐2 infection

et al. 2008

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“…In addition, HIV-2 appears slower to evolve the neutralization-resistant variant strains commonly found in HIV-1 infections (3,8). The rate of mother-to-child transmission is also much lower for HIV-2 (9), and differential neutralizing activities found in patients dually infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2 suggest the presence of distinct and divergent immune responses against these related viruses (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of an HIV-2 gp120 in Complex with CD4

Davenport

West

Björkman

2016

J Virol

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HIV-2 is a nonpandemic form of the virus causing AIDS, and the majority of HIV-2-infected patients exhibit long-term nonprogression. The HIV-1 and HIV-2 envelope glycoproteins, the sole targets of neutralizing antibodies, share 30 to 40% identity. As a first step in understanding the reduced pathogenicity of HIV-2, we solved a 3.0-Å structure of an HIV-2 gp120 bound to the host receptor CD4, which reveals structural similarity to HIV-1 gp120 despite divergence in amino acid sequence.

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“…Dual infection with HIV-1 and HIV-2 occurs mainly in West Africa, where the two viruses cocirculate. Several papers have indicated that dually infected patients have a disease course similar to that of patients infected with HIV-1 alone (21,52). The presence of HIV-2 in individuals dually infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2 complicates the treatment of these patients (53).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Virological Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) and in Patients Dually Infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia and Emergence of Drug-Resistant Variants

et al. 2009

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Drug design, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and drug resistance studies have focused almost exclusively on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), resulting in limited information for patients infected with HIV-2 and for those dually infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2. In this study, 20 patients, 12 infected with HIV-2 and 8 dually infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2, all treated with zidovudine (ZDV), lamivudine (3TC), and lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r), were followed up longitudinally for about 3 years. For 19/20 patients, viral loads were reduced to undetectable levels; the patient whose viral load remained detectable reported adverse effects associated with LPV/r that had caused him to stop taking all the drugs. HIV-2 strains containing mutations in both the protease and the reverse transcriptase gene that may confer drug resistance were observed in two patients with viral rebound, as early as 130 days (4.3 months) after the initiation of therapy. We conclude that the combination of ZDV, 3TC, and LPV/r is able to provide efficient and durable suppression of HIV-1 and HIV-2 for as long as 3 years in HIV-2-infected and dually infected patients. However, the emergence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains containing drug-resistant mutations can compromise the efficacy of this highly active ART.

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Mortality of HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dually infected patients in a clinic-based cohort in The Gambia

Cited by 95 publications

References 27 publications

Polyfunctional T cell responses are a hallmark of HIV‐2 infection

Polyfunctional T cell responses are a hallmark of HIV‐2 infection

Structure of an HIV-2 gp120 in Complex with CD4

Virological Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) and in Patients Dually Infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia and Emergence of Drug-Resistant Variants

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