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Fear conditioning shows associations formed between contextual or auditory stimuli with an unconditioned stimulus. Inbred mouse strains differ in their ability to demonstrate fear conditioning, suggesting at least a partial genetic influence. The present study identified the possible chromosomal loci regulating fear conditioning in BXD recombinant inbred strains using quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. Estimates of heritability for all 3 measures of conditioning were about .28. Correlational analyses between genetic markers and strain means identified multiple putative QTLs. The strongest associations were on Chromosomes 1 and 17 for freezing to the context, Chromosome 12 for freezing to an altered context, and Chromosome 1 for freezing to the auditory stimulus. Overlapping QTLs may indicate some common genes that underlie aspects of this learning task.

Initial sensitivity and tolerance development to the sedative-hypnotic and hypothermic effects of ethanol were investigated in gamma-protein kinase C (PKC) null mutant mice. Null mutants from a C57BL/6J x 129/SvJ mixed genetic background demonstrated decreased ethanol sensitivity and failed to develop chronic tolerance after 10 days of ethanol liquid diet. However, when the null mutation was introgressed onto a C57BL/6J background for six generations, the "no tolerance" phenotype for sedative-hypnotic and hypothermic effects of ethanol was no longer apparent Outcrossing the gamma-PKC null mutation to a C57BL/6J x 129/SvEvTac mixed background restored the "no tolerance" phenotype to ethanol-induced sedation after chronic ethanol diet; however, as measured by hypothermia, tolerance was still evident in the null mutant mice. These observations and the results of tests of chronic tolerance in the C57BL/6J, 129/SvJ, and 129/SvEvTac background inbred strains indicate that gamma-PKC plays an important role in initial sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol. However, the impact of gamma-PKC is modulated by the background genotype. These results stress the importance of including the effect of genetic background when evaluating the effects of single gene mutations on quantitative behavioral traits.