No abstract

We investigated the association of meiofauna (nematodes and harpactacoid copepods), larval polychaetes, and holoplankton with marine snow. Using a sediment trap equipped with a time‐lapse camera, we measured the vertical flux of these organisms due to their association with marine snow. On average, 83 and 74% of the nematodes and competent larval polychaetes were on marine snow as were only 15 and 9% of the harpacticoid copepods and precompetent larval polychaetes. On average, 94, 80, and 25% of the vertical fluxes of nematodes, competent larval polychaetes, and harpacticoid copepods were due to individuals on marine snow. The vertical flux of precompetent larval polychaetes was negligible. By inhabiting passively sinking aggregates, nematodes and competent larval polychaetes would deposit on the seabed according to the hydrodynamical processes controlling marine snow deposition. Of the holoplankton (calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, nauplii, and larvaceans), <2% was on marine snow. Vertical fluxes of calanoid copepods and nauplii were negligible. The vertical fluxes of cyclopoid copepods and larvaceans were large, but ony 3% was due to individuals on marine snow.

Should reading fluency be an important issue for students beyond high school? This provocative article suggests that even into college, oral reading fluency is associated with higher levels of silent reading proficiency and learning.

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Adaptive management acknowledges uncertainty and complexity in socio–ecological systems, providing a structured approach for learning and for making the needed management adjustments. Despite its utility, there are few examples of how adaptive management has been applied. To identify the extent to which implementation aligns with theory, we conducted a systematic literature review of adaptive management in a fisheries management context to compare how adaptive management was defined, applied and what was deemed important for implementation. Following the PRISMA approach for meta-synthesis, 20 papers were identified and reviewed against the eight key components of adaptive management. Across the case studies, we found ambiguity in the definitions of adaptive management, a varying emphasis on the different components of adaptive management and barriers to adaptive management that stemmed from both outside the process and as part of the iterative cycle. Our analysis suggests that for adaptive management to be implemented in other natural resource management situations, consideration should be given to the active and ongoing participation of those outside management, integrating socio–economic values into decision-making, and ensuring a monitoring plan is implemented. Additionally, attention should be paid to having the time and ability to detect the effects of management actions against a broader background of change. This analysis offers insights into how management support can lead to more effective objective-based decisions, thereby improving management over time.