The fluxes of mannitol, TRH, dexamethasone, FD-4, FD-10 and FD-20 across the Caco-2 monolayer were significantly enhanced when electric field was applied. The iontophoretic effect appeared to be directly upon tight junctions
SNAC augmented heparin absorption alone and in combination with PG in the rat in situ models without causing toxicity. Caco-2 had limitations for testing increased heparin absorption due to cytotoxic effects of high concentrations of SNAC and PG. However, SNAC itself was well absorbed across Caco-2 and its mechanism of permeation was determined.
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