An automated colorimetric micro-neutralization assay (CmNt) was developed for confirmation and differentiation of West Nile Virus (WNV)-positive human sera as a higher throughput alternative to the standard six-well plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT). CmNt was performed in high-capacity 96-well micro-titer plates and required 4–6 days to complete. Inhibition of infection was determined by reduced neutral red-dye retention and conveniently recorded by a colorimetric plate reader. Human sera previously confirmed by PRNT as either negative (N = 52), WNV positive (N = 81), or St. Louis encephalitis virus positive (N = 12) were tested by CmNt; interpreted results were virtually identical to PRNT with a reduced turnaround time and higher throughput. Additionally, a handful of dengue virus positive and negative specimens (four each) were tested by CmNt; interpreted results were identical to PRNT.
The Canadian Federal Corrections System is generally reserved for more serious offenders and is a predominantly institution‐based service, with less than 10% of its staff working in the community. Nevertheless, its emphasis is on reduction of reoffending and effective reintegration of offenders to the community rather than a simplistic just‐deserts’ model. The evolution of the system to this point is discussed and the elements of the low‐key components of the correctional process set out in some detail. These are the assessment of risk and criminogenic factors, the intervention strategies, the development of the correctional environment itself and community risk management.
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