The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of phytic acid (IP6) on morphological and immunohistochemical parameters on intestinal explants exposed to deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1). The jejunal explants were exposed for 4 h to different treatments: control, DON (10 μM), DON plus 2.5 mM or 5 mM IP6, FB1 (70 μM), and FB1 plus 2.5 mM or 5 mM IP6. Both mycotoxins induced significant intestinal lesions and decreased villi height. The presence of 2.5 mM and 5 mM IP6 significantly inhibited the morphological changes caused by the mycotoxins. DON induced a significant increase in caspase-3 (83%) and cyclooxygenase-2 (71.3%) expression compared with the control. The presence of 5 mM IP6 induced a significant decrease in caspase-3 (43.7%) and Cox-2 (48%) expression compared with the DON group. FB1 induced a significant increase in caspase-3 expression (47%) compared to the control, whereas IP6 induced no significant change in this expression. A significant decrease in cell proliferation was observed when explants were exposed to 5 mM of IP6 in comparison with the DON and FB1 groups. The present data provide evidence that phytic acid modulates the toxic effects induced by DON and FB1 on intestinal tissue.
Cryptococcus gattii-induced cryptococcosis is an emerging infectious disease of humans and animals worldwide, with rare descriptions of this infection in domestic animals from Brazil. This study presents the findings associated with C. gattii in dogs from Londrina, Paraná, Southern Brazil. Two dogs, a 3-year-old, female German shepherd and a 6-year-old, male Boxer, were evaluated by a combination of pathological, mycological, and molecular diagnostic techniques. Significant pathological alterations included cryptococcal lymphadenitis, meningoencephalitis, tonsillitis, and rhinitis with nasal cryptococcomas in the German shepherd dog, while cryptococcal lymphadenitis and pneumonia were observed in the Boxer; both dogs had pseudocystic cryptococcosis. The mucicarmine histochemical stain readily identified the intralesional cryptococcal budding organisms in all affected tissues. Mycological culture and isolation confirmed the yeasts as C. gattii due to positive reaction with the L-canavanine glycine bromothymol blue agar. A PCR assay using the internal transcribed spacers (ITS)1 and ITS2 primers, which target the ITS1 and 2 regions including the 5.8S rRNA gene, amplified the desired amplicons; direct sequencing confirmed the isolate as C. gattii. ITS nucleotide differentiation demonstrated that the isolate forms part of the ITS type 4 Cryptococcus organisms which corresponds to the C. gattii VGII molecular subtype or the RAPD type 2 Cryptococcus organisms. Collectively, these findings confirmed the participation of C. gattii in the etiopathogenesis of the lesions observed in these dogs and expanded the epidemiological niche of this important mycotic agent to include Southern Brazil. It is noteworthy to mention that previous epidemiological studies have suggested that C. gattii-induced cryptococcosis is more frequently diagnosed in Northern relative to Southern Brazil, so these findings might suggest an expansion of the distribution of this agent within continental Brazil.
Phytic acid (IP6) is a potent antioxidant present in several natural foods. Beneficial effects on colon cancer and inflammation have been associated to IP6 in several studies, however, scarce data about the effect on small intestine are available. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of IP6 from rice and corn on intestinal morphology, cellular proliferation, apoptosis and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression using swine jejunal explants as experimental model. This report demonstrated that explants treated with 0.5 mM, 2.5 mM and 5 mM of IP6 from rice and 2.5 mM and 5 mM from corn showed higher villi height compared to control. Explants treated with 2.5 mM and 5 mM IP6 from rice exhibited a significant reduction on intestinal histological changes (villi atrophy and fusion, edema, lymphatic vessel dilation, loss of apical enterocytes, cell vacuolation, necrotic debris, morphology of enterocytes and microvilli and number of villi). The cellular proliferation decreased in the explants treated with the dosages of 2.5 mM and 5 mM from rice and a significant decrease in cell apoptosis was observed in the treatments with 2.5 mM IP6 from rice and 5 mM IP6 from corn compared to the control. The explants treated with 2.5 mM and 5 mM IP6 from rice and corn showed a significant reduction of the Cox-2 expression. Higher dosages of IP6 from rice and corn used in this experiment increased the viability and preservation of intestinal tissue as evidenced by morphological and immunohistochemical assays.Index terms: IP6, natural antioxidant, jejunum, swine, explants technique RESUMOO ácido fítico (IP6) é um potente antioxidante presente em diversos alimentos naturais. Estudos demonstram os efeitos benéficos do IP6 sobre câncer e inflamação de cólon, no entanto, dados sobre a ação do IP6 no intestino delgado são escassos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos em diferentes doses de IP6 extraídos de arroz e de milho sobre a morfologia do intestino, proliferação celular, apoptose e expressão de ciclo-oxigenase-2 (Cox-2) usando explantes jejunais de suínos como modelo experimental. Este estudo demonstrou que explantes tratados com 0,5 mM, 2,5 mM e 5 mM de IP6 de arroz e 2,5 mM e 5 mM de milho mostraram maior altura de vilosidades quando comparados ao controle. Os explantes tratados com 2,5 mM e 5 mM de IP6 de arroz apresentaram uma redução significativa nas alterações histológicas intestinais (atrofia e fusão de vilosidades, edema, dilatação de vasos linfáticos, perda apical de enterócitos, vacuolização celular, debris necróticos, morfologia de enterócitos, microvilosidades e número de vilosidades). A proliferação celular diminuiu nos explantes tratados com as doses de 2,5 e 5 mM de arroz e observou-se uma redução na apoptose nos tratamentos com 2,5 mM de IP6 de arroz e 5 mM de milho comparados aos explantes controles. Os explantes tratados com 2,5 mM e 5 mM de IP6 de arroz e milho mostraram uma redução significativa na expressão de Cox-2. Os exames morfológicos e imuno-histoq...
ResumoTumores primários pulmonares (TPP) são incomuns em cães e ocasionalmente metastatizam para órgãos distantes. Relatam-se três casos de TPP com origem epitelial em cães, diagnosticados pós-morte por meio do exame histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico. O caso 1 apresentou sinais clínicos inespecíficos, os casos 2 e 3 apresentaram sinais clínicos de alterações respiratórias e no exame radiográfico visualizouse nódulo(s) pulmonar. Os casos 1 e 3 foram diagnosticados como adenocarcinoma papilar pulmonar com metástase nos linfonodos mediastínicos, fígado, adrenal direita (caso 1) e, pericárdio e linfonodos mediastínicos (caso 3). O caso 2 apresentou carcinoma de células escamosas pulmonar com metástase no coração, rins e glândula perianal. Não há relatos prévios de metástase de TPP epitelial no pericárdio, coração, fígado, rim e glândula perianal. Os três tumores tiveram marcação positiva para o anticorpo anti-pancitoqueratina e negativa para o anticorpo anti-vimentina. Em cães com TPP, o estadiamento clínico TNM e a classificação e graduação histológicas são fundamentais para a determinação do tratamento e prognóstico. Palavras-chave: Carcinoma pulmonar, metástases, imuno-histoquímica AbstractPrimary lung tumors (PLT) are uncommon in dogs and occasionally metastasize to distant organs. This report describes three cases of PLT in dogs with epithelial origin, diagnosed post mortem through histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Case one presented nonspecific symptoms while the second and third cases presented respiratory alterations and radiographic exams revealed the presence of pulmonary nodule(s). Case 1 was diagnosed as a pulmonary papillary adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the mediastinal lymph nodes, liver and right adrenal gland. Case 2 was a pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma with metastasis to the heart, kidneys and perianal gland, whereas Case 3 was diagnosed as pulmonary papillary adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the pericardium and mediastinal lymph nodes. There is no previous report of epithelial TPP metastasis to pericardium, heart, liver, kidney and perianal gland. The three tumors showed positive immunostaining for the anti-pan-cytokeratin antibody and negative immunostaining for the anti-vimentin antibody. In dogs with PLT, the TNM clinical staging and histological classification and grading are fundamental for therapeutic planning and prognosis determination.
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