Once considered too processing-intense for general utility, application of the third dimension to convey complex information is facilitated by the recent proliferation of technological advancements in computer processing, 3D displays, and 3D perspective (2.5D) renderings within a 2D medium. The profusion of complex and rapidly-changing dynamic information being conveyed in operational environments has elevated interest in possible military applications of 3D technologies. 3D can be a powerful mechanism for clearer information portrayal, facilitating rapid and accurate identification of key elements essential to mission performance and operator safety. However, implementation of 3D within legacy systems can be costly, making integration prohibitive. Therefore, identifying which tasks may benefit from 3D or 2.5D versus simple 2D visualizations is critical. Unfortunately, there is no "bible" of human factors guidelines for usability optimization of 2D, 2.5D, or 3D visualizations nor for determining which display best serves a particular application. Establishing such guidelines would provide an invaluable tool for designers and operators. Defining issues common to each will enhance design effectiveness. This paper presents the results of an extensive review of open source literature addressing 3D information displays, with particular emphasis on comparison of true 3D with 2D and 2.5D representations and their utility for military tasks. Seventy-five papers are summarized, highlighting militarily relevant applications of 3D visualizations and 2.5D perspective renderings. Based on these findings, human factors guidelines for when and how to use these visualizations, along with recommendations for further research are discussed.
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Public reporting Durden tor tnis collection 01 information is estimated to average I nour per response, including tne time tor reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Human Factors Design Issues for Spectral Exploitation Tools AUTHOR(S)Fitzhugh, Elisabeth; Bradford, Jeff; and Botschner, Richard* PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Adroit Systems Inc.* AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2000-0062 12a. DISTRIBUTION AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release: distribution is unlimited. 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)Increased demand for spectral data is keyed to the spectral data set's target detection potential. Spectral data can provide detailed, accurate information because of its ability to detect minuscule spectral differences in possible targets. Nevertheless, spectral-based technology has not been widely accepted or utilized in the operational community. This is primarily due to sensor collection limitations, dynamic time constraints, lack of user experience, and limited availability of validated exploitation tools and techniques.This effort implements human factors and cognitive engineering methods to identify significant human capability issues in spectral exploitation for operational use. The report includes a proposed test and evaluation plan to assess candidate tools and techniques. Examination of current literature identified color as a critical factor in display design and the use of color in spectral displays is included as one variable in a set of real world, part task simulations. The plan also includes early, comprehensive collection of user requirements and critical decision processes to facilitate design of a field-deployable prototype spectral exploitation tool. The goal of the proposed design methodology is to enhance interpretability and decrease exploitation time in rapid precision targeting scenarios.
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