The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence and severity of musculoskeletal (MS) symptoms in the trunk and upper limbs of keyboardists. Cross-sectional study, including volunteers of both genders, aged 18-40 years, who practiced for at least 2 years, excluding those with systemic diseases, were assessed for MS pain using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. The χ-squared test was used for statistical analysis and a significance level of 5% was adopted. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ceuma University (opinion nº 2,627,609). Thirty-nine volunteers were evaluated, and all reported experiencing pain or discomfort. The regions of greatest complaint of chronic pain/discomfort were the thoracic and lumbar spine (n = 27 ,69.24%; p 0.05) and wrist/hand (n = 23.58.9%). The highest acute complaint was in the lumbar spine (n = 12, 30.76%; p 0.05), and in the wrist/hand (n = 9, 23.07%). A severity index of 1 was the most frequent (n = 14, 36%). It can be concluded that keyboardists have MS mainly in the spine, wrist, and hands, although the severity of the symptoms is mild; the high frequency of complaints suggests the importance of prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal symptoms before aggravation.
The evidence that the immune system is affected by pesticides is growing and indicates that pesticide exposure has detrimental health effects and can contribute to increased risksfor long-term diseases, including different types of psychiatric disorders, cancers, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. Motivated by such studies, the present review highlights mechanisms involved in the immunological toxicity of pesticides, as well as the association between pesticide exposure and the predisposition of diseases, caused by perturbation of immune system function. A literature review was performed using the MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus databases with publication dates from 1986 to 2016. The following descriptors were used: “immunotoxicity”,“Pesticides”, and“immune system”. Pesticides can affect host resistance and can directly affect lymphoid tissues and/or native cells. Disorders such as immunosuppression, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and cancers have been cited to result from changes in the immune system. Although public health concerns regarding pesticide exposures are directed primarily at carcinogenic and neurological mutations, these compounds can cause profound effects on the immune system and may trigger several other processes by disruption of function in other physiological systems.
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