The study aimed to include the isolated vitexin of Jatropha mutabilis in the β-cyclodextrin cavity to improve the solubility of this flavone. Its characterization was performed by techniques such as 1 H NMR/ROESY (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy), FT-IR (Infrared Spectroscopy with Fourier Transform), SEM (Morphological analysis of IC by Scanning Electron Microscopy) and dissolution study in vitro . In addition, the following activities were evaluated in the animal models: expectorant, phenol red dosage in bronchoalveolar lavage and antitussive, cough induced by citric acid. In the characterization of the complex, interaction between hydrogens of ring B of vitexin and (H3) of β-CD was observed, in addition to changes in morphology. In the dissolution test, an increase in the rate of dissolution of vitexin was observed in the first 30 min for the CI vitexin/β-CD when compared with vitexin. Regarding the pharmacological activity, it was observed that the inclusion complex (IC) vitexin/β-CD in the equivalent doses of 0.2, 1 and 5 mg/kg of flavone presented higher expectorant activity when compared to vitexin (p < 0.05), suggesting increased bioavailability. As for the antitussive activity, both vitexin and the complex had similar effects and were dose independent. In the toxicity test using Artemia salina , vitexin and IC vitexin/β-CD were considered non-toxic. At last, the study efficacy of vitexin/β-CD IC as an expectorant and of vitexin as antitussive. All of these data are being described for the first time.

Mastitis is responsible for both damage to animal health and economic losses to the industry. To identify effective treatments for this disease, products extracted from a variety of plants with antimicrobial potential have gained attention. The present study aimed to assess the in vitro antibacterial potential of the ethanolic extract of two plant species from the Caatinga biome against bacteria isolated from small ruminants with subclinical mastitis. The leaves of Mimosa tenuiflora and Commiphora leptophloeos were dried and processed to obtain crude ethanolic extracts and their phenolic composition was evaluated. In total, 33 Staphylococcus spp. isolates from the bacterial collection of the Laboratory of Food Quality Control of IF SERTÃO-PE were used for evaluation of biofilm production. Furthermore, an antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted using the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) method against the two ethanolic extracts. The toxic potential was measured through a toxicity test with Artemia salina. The quantification of the phenolic compounds revealed that the ethanolic extracts of M. tenuiflora and C. leptophloeos possessed higher amounts of myricetin (43.2 and 294.9 mg in 10 g, respectively) in relation to the other compounds. A 39.4% positivity rate was observed in the nuc gene investigation. The biofilm production analysis revealed that 96.9% of the isolates produced biofilm, evidencing the evolution the microorganisms regarding the development of resistance mechanisms. The MBC results showed an inhibition range between 195.30 and 3125.00 µg mL-1 and between 781.20 and 6250.00 µg mL-1 for the extracts of M. tenuiflora and C. leptophloeos, respectively. The M. tenuiflora extract showed the highest activity, suppressing 100% of the bacterial isolates (n=26), whereas the extract of C. leptophloeos showed an inhibition percentage of 69.23%. The crude ethanolic extract (EEB) of M. tenuiflora was found to be toxic, presenting a DL50 of 118.356 µg mL-1. In contrast, the EEB of C. leptophloeos was found to be non-toxic (DL50 = 1527.430 µg mL-1). In conclusion, both native Caatinga species presented antibacterial activity and myricetin was the major compound. These findings highlight the need for further studies regarding the identification of anti-mastitis products from natural extracts.

Jatropha mutabilis (Pohl) Baill is an endemic species of the Caatinga biome, studies in terms of chemical composition were revealed. The objective of this work was to develop an analytical methodology to quantify vitexin in the ethanolic extract of J. mutabilis and to evaluate the expectorant and antitussive activities in mice. The expectorant activity was performed by measuring the phenol red obtained from the bronchoalveolar fluid in animals and the antitussive activity was evaluated by the cough method induced by citric acid (0.4M). The method developed by HPLC-DAD proved to be simple, linear, precise, accurate, robust and specific. Besides, both vitexin (0.2, 1 and 5 mg/kg) and the extract of J. mutabilis (20, 102, 510 mg/kg) showed efficacy in decrease cough and increase aqueous mucus in mice, but vitexin was more potent.Lastly, the identification of vitexin opens the possibility of new studies for J. mutabilis.

In the original published version of this article, author James Almada da Silva's name was spelt incorrectly on the list of authors. Their name was spelt as "James Amalda da Silva", but this has now been corrected to "James Almada de Silva". The authors apologise for this mistake. Both the HTML and PDF versions of the article have been updated to correct the error.