The present paper examines whether the potential advantages of the expanding practice of web-based public participation only complement the benefits of the traditional techniques, or whether they are empowering enough to replace them. The question is examined in a real-world case of neighborhood revitalization, in which both techniques were practiced simultaneously. Comparisons are made at four major planning junctions, in order to study the contributions of each technique to the qualities of involvement, trust, and empowerment. The results show that web-based participants not only differ from the participation of traditional practices, but they also differ from each other on the basis of their type of web participation. The results indicate that web-based participation is an effective complementary means of public participation, but it cannot replace the traditional unmediated techniques.
This study examines macro and micro factors influencing the development of sense of community (Davidson & Cotter, 1980) in two different populations (immigrants and veterans) in new temporary neighborhoods in Israel. At the macrolevel, the major factors examined were population size, population density, number of dwelling units in the site, urbanity of the area, ethnic heterogeneity, and peripheriality of the region. Three kinds of variables were examined on the microlevel: (a) personal attitudes: evaluation of the dwelling unit and satisfaction with public services; (b) social networks; and (c) sociodemographic characteristics. Data were collected from 242 immigrants from the former USSR and from 60 Israeli veterans, residing in 5 different sites. Two different patterns of predictors of sense of community emerged in the two different samples. In the veteran sample, only one macrolevel variable entered the stepwise analysis equation: the number of dwelling units in the site. In the immigrant sample, three significant microlevel factors entered the equation: evaluation of the dwelling unit, external network, and age. The data thus suggest that the major determinant factors underlying sense of community vary for different groups of people.
Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) is one of the most prevailing malignancies in young adults. Reed–Sternberg (RS) cells in HL have distinctive large cell morphology, are characteristic of the disease and their presence is essential for diagnosis. Enlarged cells are one of the hallmarks of senescence, but whether RS cells are senescent has not been previously investigated. Here we show that RS cells have characteristics of senescent cells; RS cells in HL biopsies specifically express the senescence markers and cell cycle inhibitors p21Cip1 and p16INK4a and are negative for the proliferation marker Ki-67, suggesting that these cells have ceased to proliferate. Moreover, the RS-like cells in HL lines, stained specifically for senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal). Oxidative stress promoted senescence in these cells as demonstrated by their staining for p21Cip1, p16INK4a, p53 and γH2AX. Senescent cells produce copious amounts of inflammatory cytokines termed ‘senescence-associated secretory phenotype' (SASP), primarily regulated by Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB). Indeed, we show that NF-κB activity and NF-κB-dependent cytokines production (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, GM-CSF) were elevated in RS-like cells. Furthermore, NF-κB inhibitors, JSH-23 and curcumin reduced IL-6 secretion from RS-like cells. Thus, defining RS cells as senescent offers new insights on the origin of the proinflammatory microenvironment in HL.
Levels of Spatial Knowledge and Urban Travel ModelingModels of spatial behavior implicitly assume a direct connection between the individual's utility function and his actual behavior. In reality, this link is mediated b y the extent and quality of his spatial knowledge. Without sufficient knowledge, the chosen behavior will be selected from a small number of known alternatives. Using a route choice study in Beer Sheva, this paper investigates the extent and the level o f spatial knowledge exhibited b y the public in episodic, nonroutine travel. I t demonstrates that their knowledge stabilizes at the intermediate "route level," whereas only professional drivers attain the highest "survey level." The cognitive opportunity sets of drivers at the route level are idiosyncratic. Accordingly, route selection b y the general public was found largely unpredictable. Implications for urban travel modeling are discussed.In recent years, the behavioral approach has gained an increasing influence on research in various areas of urban geography and transportation (Phipps and Laverty 1983; Altman et al. 1981; Gold 1980; Golledge 1977; Stopher 1977). The recognition of the importance of cognitive factors especially in modeling urban spatial behavior was introduced in the literature by geographers (Golledge 1977), psychologists (Wickens 1984; Leiser 1987), transportation (Michaels and Allaman 1981; Louviere 1978) and urban planners (Kaplan 1973).Despite the growing awareness of the importance of cognitive factors, investigators concerned with predicting spatial behavior have generally failed to incorporate such factors into their actual models. Many models still implicitly assume rational behavior of individuals, and sufficient spatial knowledge, ability, and motivation to compare all possible alternatives prior to making a behavioral decision (Werner 1985;Eash et al. 1983). This observation is particularly valid with regard to urban travel modeling involving choice (Halperin et al. 1984; This research was supported by a grant from the Israel Academy of Science. The grant is hi hly ap reciated. The anonymous reviewers' comments greatly improved the paper. We also gratefully acfnowledge the .assistance of Nir Ilan and Karol Leibowitz, who conducted the field work and handled the statistical analyses. Finally, we wish to thank Sharona Lazar for the art work.Eliahu Stern is associate professor and chairman in the department of geography, and David Leiser is senior lecturer, department of behavioral sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
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