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In order to make significant progress in the operation of power systems and minimizing cost and air pollution, multi-carrier energy systems have been proposed by implementing various solutions and using different sources. In this regard, renewable energy sources, fuel cells, and electric vehicles (EVs) as a mobile storage system are applied, but these units due to uncertain behavior create a big problem in balancing between the demand and generated energy. In this study, an energy hub (EH) system includes a wind turbine (WT), photovoltaic (PV), and EVs that are exchanged energy with energy and reserve market considering energy, thermal, and gas demand response program is proposed. Also, the uncertainty of WT, PV, load, and electricity market price are considered. Besides that, all parameters of the EVs with uncertainty behavior are modeled using a new method. This method is employed a stochastic optimization approach to simplify the uncertainty modeling for increasing the system reliability. Hence, two objective functions, namely economic cost, and environmental cost are considered. In addition, a three-step strategy is introduced to solve the multi-objective problem. Finally, EH management performance is investigated by implementing the proposed method and elements.

The increasing demand for energy carriers has expanded the use of energy hubs that employ distributed demand response programs to improve power system reliability and efficiency. Moreover, the unstable behavior of renewable resources, as well as the indeterminate electrical and thermal demands, create major problems for energy hub operation. Inspired by this, this paper presents a day-ahead scheduling framework for energy hubs (EH) in energy and reserve markets considering two main objectives of economy and pollution emission. The studied energy hub consists of a novel hybrid energy storage facility based on a fuel cell, wind power, photovoltaic energy, and a particular fuel cell unit in the presence of elastic demand. This multi-component system participates in energy and reserve markets as a single entity to optimize energy hub operation. The proposed method also models the uncertainty of wind speed, photovoltaic irradiance, and load using the Mont-Carlo method. The energy hub risk level is analyzed using the conditional value at risk (CVaR) approach to increase the EH operation and efficiency. The proposed multi-objective energy hub model is solved using the MINLP method in General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) to minimize operation cost and pollution emission. Finally, to prove the effectiveness of adding a new E-fuel energy storage system and considering uncertainties on energy hub operation, the proposed method is compared with other reported models.

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