Achieving economic development is one of the most important economic goals of every country. Identifying the determinants of economic growth, is a useful tool for adopting appropriate economic policies. This study, therefore, empirically examines the impact of trade openness, foreign direct investment, and financial development on economic growth, across 62 countries over the period 1995–2016. These countries are divided into two groups: low-income and high-income countries. We employ the pooled mean group (PMG), mean group (MG), and dynamic fixed effect (DFE) estimation techniques on the cross-country panel data. The findings show a positive long run association between trade openness, foreign direct investment (FDI), financial development, labor, government expenditure, and economic growth in low-income countries, with a positive and negative short run effect from capital and government expenditures, respectively. For high-income countries, a positive long run association between trade openness, FDI, capital, and economic growth exist. The short run estimates indicate a positive effect on trade openness and capital as well as a negative effect on government expenditure. Our study shows that the adoption of policies that improves access to skilled labor and international trade, affect the attainment of a sustainable economic development.
In a competitive market, a rise in output prices at the wholesale level is expected to be transferred to the consumers via retailers. We have an asymmetric price transmission when an increase in the producer price transfers faster and stronger to the consumers comparing to a reduction in the producer price. The research question here is how product heterogeneity and differentiation can affect the price transmission in the carrots markets. Carrots consumption in the U.S. has been increasing significantly over the past few decades. We investigate the price linkages of carrots at terminal and retail levels for two different qualities of this product, organic and conventional. According to the VECM model results, the speed of price adjustment in the conventional carrot market is 0.354 in absolute value, while for the organic carrot market it is 0.026. This result is an indication of asymmetric price transmission with respect to speed. It shows that the price adjustment in the organic carrot market is relatively slow, pointing to inefficiency in this market. These results have important policy implications, especially in case of price shocks, there could be differential welfare consequences for both consumers and producers.
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