Mega sporting events can be defined by their impacts and complexity in organisation and delivery. This paper reviews the literature on the features of such events and, drawing particular examples from recent Olympic Games, it identifies the nature and extent of their impacts on the host country and community. These range from the political, social, economical, physical and cultural and can be negative as well as positive. The paper concludes that while the prospect of economic growth is the driving force behind bids for hosting the Olympic Games, the legacies that follow their hosting are difficult to quantify, prone to political interpretation and multifaceted.
Mega sporting events can be defined by their impacts and complexity in organisation and delivery. This paper reviews the literature on the features of such events and, drawing particular examples from recent Olympic Games, it identifies the nature and extent of their impacts on the host country and community. These range from the political, social, economical, physical and cultural and can be negative as well as positive. The paper concludes that while the prospect of economic growth is the driving force behind bids for hosting the Olympic Games, the legacies that follow their hosting are difficult to quantify, prone to political interpretation and multifaceted.
This paper reports the findings of the first stages of a research project which investigates the organisational structures of the National Governing Bodies of Sport (NGBs) in Britain and the strategic management styles which these organisations employ. The analysis developed draws on the results of a questionnaire survey conducted to establish the significant structural features of NGBs. Reference is also made to early findings for the second stage, which draws on in-depth interviews with chief executive officers, focusing on organisational processes and procedures, perceptions of the exercise of power, and organisational change. The theoretical assumptions underlying the research strategy are drawn from structuration theory. The project seeks to establish explanations not simply of structural features of organisations and their contexts, but also to clarify how agency reproduces these features and how these act as context and resources for subsequent action. The research approach in the first phase of the study which is reported in this paper should be viewed in the wider context of a structurationalist project, since this stage deals predominantly with structural features of the NGBs and the context in which these operate.The nature of this study was influenced by Mintzberg's (1979) classic analysis of organisational structures, and sought to establish whether the analysis of NGBs would provide support for the existence of Mintzberg's five ideal typical structural configurations of organisations. The statistical analysis of the data generated by the survey involved a) an evaluation of the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables employed b) a cluster analysis on the data to establish groups of governing bodies with homogeneous structural characteristics as an attempt to identify a typology of such organisations. Following the identification of significant correlations between variables employed, the paper incorporates a discussion of the implications of these relationships. On the basis of the cluster analysis conducted, a typology of NGBs is constructed, consisting of six clusters. The structural configurations represented in these clusters are termed (adapting Mintzberg's terminology): machine bureaucracies, professional bureaucracies, professionalised simple structures, typical simple structures, simple bureaucracies and specialised simple structures. The relationships between the organisational types and variants of simple structure are also examined as well as the potential transition processes from one type to another.
Purpose – Social network analysis (SNA) is an under-utilised framework for research into festivals and events. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the history of SNA and explore its key concepts, in order that they might be applied to festivals and their environments. Design/methodology/approach – Secondary material underpins the paper, primarily SNA literature, tourism studies research and festival industry publications. Findings – Festival cities offer dynamic environments in which to investigate the workings of social networks. The importance of such networks has long been recognised within the industry, yet there is scant reflection of this in the event studies literature. Uses of SNA in tourism studies publications offer some precedents. Originality/value – This paper emphasises the importance of relationships between people in a festival economy, complementing and building upon stakeholder analyses. A research method is proposed, suitable for application across a diverse range of festivals and events.
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