Introduction. Although the effect of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene on adiposity is well established, there is a lack of evidence whether physical activity (PA) modifies the effect of FTO variants on obesity in Russians. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine PA influences and interactive effects between FTO variants and PA on measures of adiposity in Russians. Materials and methods. 110 Russian males aged 22–52 years old were examined. Anthropometry: height and weight, waist and hip circumferences were taken. The whole-body impedance was measured on the right-hand side of the body using the bioimpedance meter ABC-01 ‘Medas’ (SRC Medas, Russia) according to a conventional tetrapolar scheme at a frequency of 50 kHz. For each subject participating in the study, the genotype was determined by the polymorphic systems of the T/A (rs9939609) polymorphism of the FTO gene (Lytekh, Moscow). Results. Participants who did not engage in regular PA exhibited higher BMI, fat mass, HC, and WC with statistical significance (P ≤ 0.01). Although significant associations between the three FTO genotypes and adiposity measures were found in the sedentary group. There were no significant associations between FTO genotypes and obesity-related phenotypes in the PA group. Conclusion. Comparison of morphological parameters in carriers of alternative genotypes in two subgroups with different lifestyles makes it possible to conclude that the A allele determines a greater tendency to accumulate fat in cases where there is no regular physical activity.
Îaeèðåíèå íàðÿäó ñî çëîóïîòðåáëåíèåì àëêîãîëåì è òàáàêîêóðåíèåì ÿâëÿåòñÿ êëþ÷åâîé ïðè÷èíîé ðîñòà ÷èñëà õðîíè÷åñêèõ íåèíôåêöèîííûõ çàáîëåâàíèé âî âñåì ìèðå. Êàaeäûé òðåòèé âçðîñëûé aeèòåëü çåìíîãî øàðà ñòðàäàåò îaeèðåíèåì èëè èìååò çíà÷èòåëüíûé èçáûòî÷íûé âåñ [Ng et al., 2014].  ðîññèéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè êàaeäûé ïÿòûé ìóae÷èíà è êàaeäàÿ òðåòüÿ aeåíùèíà ñòðàäàþò îaeèðåíèåì [Ñîáîëåâà ñ ñîàâò., 2014]. Äàííûå ìîíèòîðèíãà ÂÎÇ ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò, ÷òî íàñåëåíèå ñòðàí Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè â íàèìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè ñòðàäàåò îaeèðåíèåì, à ëèäåðàìè ïî ÷èñëó îaeèðåâøèõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ è ÑØÀ.  îïðåäåëåííîé ìåðå äàííûå ðàçëè÷èÿ îáóñëîâëåíû ýòíîãåíåòè÷åñêèìè îñîáåííîñòÿìè ïîïóëÿöèé ÷åëîâåêà, âîçíèêøèìè â ðåçóëüòàòå äðåéôà ãåíîâ èëè åñòåñòâåííîãî îòáîðà
For the first time in the conditions of the Northern Caspian Sea, a comprehensive assessment of new introduced apple varieties of winter ripening period is carried out to select a modern adaptive assortment for arid conditions. The experience was laid in 2018 in the experimental orchard of the Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center. The article presents the results of studying the indicators of growth and development, fertility and fruiting of 14 new varieties of apple trees of winter maturity in the semi-desert zone of the Northern Caspian. It was found that during the study period, no significant damage to the trees of the studied varieties was observed in winter. The survival rate of the studied varieties was high and amounted to 64.6–100.0%. More restrained growth of trees in height was characterized by the varieties Winespur, Red Chief, Reinet painted and Korey. The varieties Golden Delicious, Prikubanskoe, Pinova, Memory of Yesaulu, Red Chief, Painted and Ligol were the most fertile, in which 15.6–64.8% of trees bloomed and formed fruits. The maximum productivity was recorded in the variety Renet Kuban (7 kg /tree Varieties Starkrimson and Prikubanskoye have complex resistance to scab, brown spot and rust.
The beginning of children’s school education is a potential risk of morphofunctional and psycho-physiological disorders in the body because of the significant reduction in daily physical activity, the change in day regimen, emotional and intellectual stress, which are often inadequate for the age-related psycho-physiological capabilities of schoolchildren. In this paper, we analyzed the literature on the development of modern children of primary school age according to the results of the assessment of morphological, functional and mental indicators. The identification of a general trend in the development of primary school-aged children is necessary for determination and development of health-saving programs to implement in the system of modern education. A review of data on the development of younger school children over the past 20 years shows an increase in the number of children with digressions in physical development, deterioration in physical fitness, delay of biological age from actual age, stress of the cardiovascular system, decrease in lung capacity and muscle strength. This pattern is manifested regardless of the region of residence and the nationality of children. There is an increase in the number of children with learning difficulties. Among the reasons for these changes, researchers highlight the complexity of the educational program, physical inactivity, the delay of physical development and, at the same time, medical and social successes of the state, allowing preserving the life of newborns even with somatic and neurological abnormalities. In connection with the identified trend of development of modern primary school children, the measures are needed to optimize children’s learning activities by the following criteria: level of physical activity, intensity of intellectual loads, rest mode.
Studies on the differences in the morphological characteristics of freestyle wrestlers belonging to related ethnic groups from South Siberia and Central Asia have not been previously conducted. This research aimed to perform a comparative analysis of the anthropometric and functional characteristics of freestyle wrestlers from two mono-ethnic samples: the Altaians and the Mongols. A total of 99 freestyle wrestlers were examined (mean age 25.0 ± 2.6 years). The anthropometric survey included measuring longitudinal (body length and length of segments), transverse (shoulder and pelvis width, transverse and sagittal diameters of the chest), circumferential (trunk and limb circumference) parameters, as well as body weight and skinfold thickness on the trunk and limbs. Body composition was determined by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (ABC-02 MEDASS, Russia). During the stratification of athletes by the total body measures (weight and height), we identified anthropometric differences that can be either interethnic or those formed under the influence of targeted selection. The comparative analysis of anthropometric features of the longitudinal and transverse development of the skeleton allows us to suggest that the high values of the transverse diameter of the chest as well as relatively long legs and short arms typical of the Altaians are preserved by sports selection and are manifested in a wide range of height and weight values. The greatest variability is characteristic of the body’s fat component. Within the normal body length/weight ratio (body mass index ranging between 22.0 and 24.9 kg/m2), Altaian athletes showed greater fat mass but lower level of subcutaneous fat deposition compared to Mongolian wrestlers with the same body weight.
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