Background: Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and depressive disorder often co-exist and have a shared heritability. This study aimed to investigate Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and three Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) as transdiagnostic biomarkers in AUD and depression co-morbidity. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, patients with AUD (n=22), AUD and depression (n=19), and healthy controls (n=20) were examined. Depression and anxiety severity were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. Anhedonia, alcohol use and dependence, craving, and social adaptation were assessed through self-report questionnaires. BDNF and CAM concentrations in peripheral serum were measured after overnight fasting using a Luminex assay. After controlling for age and gender, biomarker levels were compared across groups. The association between biomarker concentrations and symptom severity scales were explored using correlation and multiple regression analyses. Results: BDNF and Neuronal CAM were lower in patients with AUD with and without depression compared to healthy controls. No differences were observed for Vascular CAM-1 and Interstitial CAM-1. BDNF correlated negatively with anhedonia levels. BDNF, age and gender together explained 21% of variability in anhedonia levels. Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that peripheral levels of BDNF and NCAM might be reduced in AUD with and without comorbid mood disorder. Since low BDNF levels were
Purpose: Aim of present work was to study cytoprotective properties of lithium pyruvate, as a prospective pharmacological agent. Pyruvate has a lot of potential benefits due to positive influence on cell metabolism. Lithium is "gold-standard" mood-stabilizer. Combination of both may lead advantages. Methods: Lithium pyruvate was tested as cytoprotector on human blood mononuclears under induced oxidative stress. Cells were obtained from healthy donors and patients with alcoholism. The detection of cell viability, apoptosis and determination of oxidative stress level were conducted by flow cytometry. Results: Lithium pyruvate showed excellent cytoprotective properties in normal and oxidation conditions. This effect was independent from cell donor health status. It was shown on cells from healthy donors and alcoholics patients. Conclusion: Obtained results allow considering lithium pyruvate as potential normothymic agents (mood stabilizer) with excellent cytoprotective properties.
Background: The neuropeptides β-endorphin and oxytocin are released into the bloodstream as hormones from the pituitary gland but also have an important function as neuroregulators in the forebrain. The blood levels of both polypeptides have been shown to reflect depressive symptoms. β-Endorphin, in particular, is also involved in abstinence from alcohol. Methods: The serum levels of β-endorphin and oxytocin were measured during the early withdrawal phase in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) with (N = 35) or without (N = 45) depressive comorbidity and compared with those in healthy volunteers (N = 23). In addition to comparing the groups, the study examined whether serum levels correlated with various psychometric measures of dependence, depression and aggression, as well as with clinical characteristics of dependence. Results: Both serum levels of beta-endorphin and oxytocin were significantly lower in patients than those in healthy controls (p = 0.011 for β-endorphin and p = 0.005 for oxytocin, Kruskal–Wallis test). In patients with depressive comorbidity, the significance was greatest (p = 0.005 for β-endorphin and p = 0.004 for oxytocin, U-test). There was no correlation with clinical or psychometric parameters (p > 0.05, Spearman test), but beta-endorphin levels did correlate significantly with physical aggression (p = 0.026, Spearman test). Conclusions: Serum levels of β-endorphin and oxytocin are lower in patients with AUD, particularly in those with depressive comorbidity. β-Endorphin levels correlated with physical aggression according to the Buss–Durkee (BDHI) estimates.
This study aimed to evaluate the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of IgG in patients with schizophrenia. After signing informed consent, we included 67 patients with schizophrenia (34 people with acute schizophrenia and 33 individuals were on outpatient treatment in therapeutic remission) and 14 healthy volunteers. IgGs from blood serum were isolated by affinity chromatography. SOD activity of antibodies was determined spectrophotometrically. We have shown for the first time that IgGs from patients with schizophrenia have SOD activity and this activity is an intrinsic property of antibodies. The maximum increase in SOD activity was registered in the group of patients in therapeutic remission compared with acute schizophrenia (p = 0.005) and in healthy individuals (p = 0.001). Based on the data of inhibitory analysis using a specific SOD inhibitor enzyme, triethylenetetramine (TETA), we can assume that the mechanism of the SOD activity of IgG is similar to the mechanism of classical enzyme catalysis. According to the kinetic analysis, the affinity of the IgGs to the substrate is higher than that of the classical SOD enzyme.
В настоящее время ведутся разработка и изучение новых соединений лития с комбинированным цитопротекторным и нормотимическим эффектами. Перспективными в этом отношении являются органические соли лития на основе кислот ‒ метаболитов клеточного энергообмена. Akt/mTOR-сигнальный путь ‒ важное звено в регуляции клеточных функций, в связи с чем изучение эффекта на его активность вновь синтезированных органических солей лития является актуальным направлением с точки зрения понимания механизма их действия. Цель. Оценка эффектов карбоната, фумарата, пирувата и сукцината лития на содержание общих и фосфорилированных форм 11 белков Akt/mTOR-сигнального пути в мононуклеарах периферической крови больных биполярным аффективным расстройством (БАР). Материалы и методы. Венозная кровь для последующего выделения клеток взята у 12 пациентов с БАР, в том числе 7 женщин и 5 мужчин. Медиана возраста ‒ 48,0 года (37,5-52,0). Полученные мононуклеары инкубировали в течение 24 часов с карбонатом, фумаратом, пируватом либо сукцинатом литияв концентрации 1,2 ммоль/л. Определение общих и фосфо-форм 11 белков Akt/mTOR-сигнального пути в клеточных лизатах проводилось с использованием технологии мультиплексного анализа «LuminexxMAP» на приборе «MAGPIX» (Luminex, США). Статистическая обработка проведена с помощью программы SPSS(версия 20.0). Рассчитывали медиану, первый и третий квартили. Для сравнения количественных переменных использовались критерии Манна-Уитни. Результаты. Показано, что пируват лития статистически значимо повышал внутриклеточное содержание общих форм белков GSK-3αи β, Akt, mTOR, PTEN, IRS1, P70S6K, TSC2, а также фосфо-формы P70S6K. При действии пирувата лития на клетки больных выявлено статистически значимое снижение фосфо-форм GSK-3β, Aktи mTOR. Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о влиянии пирувата лития на активность Akt/mTOR-сигнального пути в мононуклеарах больных БАР, что может быть одним из вероятных механизмов цитопротекторного действия данного соединения, обнаруженного нами ранее. Результаты исследования могут являться основой для дальнейшего поиска и изучения новых соединений лития с комбинированной цитопротекторной и нормотимической активностью.
Numerous studies indicate the involvemen of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. It has been shown that the serum pool of antibodies in patients with schizophrenia contains catalytically active antibodies (abzymes) that have a wide range of activities, including redox properties. In the present work, the effects of IgGs—having oxidoreductase activities—isolated from the serum of patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals were studied in vitro. The IgGs were purified by affinity chromatography followed by an SDS-PAGE analysis of homogeneity in a 4–18% gradient gel. The catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of the IgGs were measured spectrophotometrically using a kinetic module. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were cultured with IgG at a final concentration of 0.2 mg/mL for 24 h. In a parallel experiment, tert-butyl hydroperoxide was used as an oxidative stressor. The number of dead cells after incubation was determined with fluorescent dyes, propidium iodide and Hoechst, by high-throughput screening on the CellInsight CX7 platform. A cytotoxic effect of the IgG from the schizophrenia patients on SH-SY5Y cells was detected after 24 h incubation. A correlation was found between the SOD activity of the IgGs and IgG-induced cell death. Under the induced oxidative stress, the cytotoxic effect of the IgG from the patients with schizophrenia on the SH-SY5Y cell line was five times stronger. Meanwhile, the IgG from the healthy individuals exerted a cytoprotective effect on the cultured cells, accompanied by high catalase activity. Thus, the observed influence on cell viability depends on the catalytic properties of the abzymes.
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