Large gray and Large white geese breeds were created in Ukraine and are widespread. At the same time, the nutritional value of their meat is insufficiently studied. Therefore, this work aimed to study and compare the chemical composition and amino acid profile of the muscles of the chest and thighs of geese of these breeds in semi-intensive growing. The study used 20 heads of geese of both sexes of the Large gray and Large white breeds, which were raised under similar housing and feeding conditions. Muscle samples were analyzed following current regulations in Ukraine, harmonized with relevant international standards. Studies have shown no significant differences in the muscle content of males and females of these breeds in terms of moisture, protein and ash, but a more significant difference in fat content was observed. In the thighs of females of Large gray geese fat content was higher than in the thighs of males of this breed by 0.29% (P<0.05). At the same time, in females of the Large white breed, on the contrary, higher fat content than in males (by 0.27%) was observed in the chest muscles (P<0.05). The chest muscles of both males and females of both breeds had more moisture and more crude protein than the thigh muscles. In contrast, the thigh muscles had a higher fat content (P<0.05). As for protein, the muscles of the chest and thighs contained all the essential amino acids. However, the amino acid profile of male and female proteins of the same type in different muscle types, both within one breed and between breeds, differed slightly in the content of some amino acids, with the statistically reliable (P<0.05) difference in some of them. Comparison of the amino acid profile of chest and thigh muscle proteins of both breeds of geese with the reference protein (FAO/WHO, 2013), showed that the muscle protein of geese of Large gray and Large white breeds contains a sufficient amount of all essential amino acids. The essential amino acid indices of the chest and thigh muscle proteins were similar for both breeds and were approximately 1.8-fold higher than the reference protein index. These data indicate the high nutritional value of meat of both goose breeds and the feasibility of their further use for meat production in Ukraine.
One of the problems of modern poultry farming is the shortage of litter materials. In this regard, the practice of litter regeneration and its repeated use is becoming more and more widespread. Regenerated litterwith proper disinfection is safe for the bird and does not negatively affect its growth index as evidenced by research on broiler chickens. At the same time, it has not been studied enough the possibility of using regenerated litter in the rearing and housing of other species and production groups of poultry with a technological cycle much longer than that of broiler chickens. Based on this, the goal of our research was to evaluate the microclimate in the poultry house, welfare and zootechnical indicators replacement young turkeyswhen reared on regenerated litter. There were formed two groups of turkey poults (females) of line 5 of the domestic cross Kharkiv, each with 150 heads in each group, one of which from 6 to 20 weeks of age was grown on a new litter (pine shavings), the other (experimental) on regenerated litter based on the same material. Litter regeneration was performed according to the previously developed technology. The remaining conditions for growing turkey poults of both groups met the regulatory requirements and were similar. It was established that from the 6th to the 12th week of rearing the moisture content of regenerated litter was 11.3-6.6% higher than of new litter (p<0.05). However, during further rearing, the difference in their moisture content became insignificant. At the end of the rearing period, the general condition of the litter in both variantshad no significant differences according to the criteria of moisture, flowability, and clumping. Rearing young turkeys on regenerated litter there was observed an increase of 5.8-1.1 times (p<0.05) in the content of ammonia and 1.5-1.1 times (p<0.05) of carbon dioxide in the air of the house,compared to growing them on new litter. At the same time, their total concentration in the air did not exceed the maximum permissible during any of the rearing periods. Growing young turkeys on regenerated litter did not negatively affect the state of plumage, soles of paws and knee joints of young turkey, as well as their zootechnical indicators.
In the context of a constantly growing shortage of bedding materials, the practice of their repeated use after regeneration is becoming more widespread. However, the known methods of litter regeneration, such as biothermal composting in piles without covering or with covering the piles, have certain disadvantages and require improvement in the direction of intensifying biothermal processes and increasing the level of disinfection. Also, these methods relate mainly to the bedding of broiler chickens. The main kinetic regularities of the processes of regeneration of the used litter of other bird species have been insufficiently studied. Considering the above, the goal of our research was to develop an improved method for regenerating used turkey litter and to study its effect in comparison with known methods on the kinetics of the biothermal treatment process, chemical composition and microbial contamination of the litter. An improved method of regeneration was developed, which involved adding a special microbiological preparation to the bedding and irradiating the surface of the pile during composting with ultraviolet radiation (UVR). For comparison, the known methods of litter regeneration were used: 1K – by composting in a pile; 2K – the same and, in addition, covered the litter during composting with foil. As shown by the research results, the addition of a microbiological preparation and covering the shoulder with a film contributed to an increase in the temperature of the litter during the biothermal treatment by 1.2 – 9.4 °C (p <0.05). The addition of a microbiological preparation and irradiation of the surface of the pile with UV radiation made it possible to reduce the emission of ammonia from the litter during its regeneration by 4 – 25 mg/m2 per hour. compared with the first control option (P <0.01), while when the collar was covered with a film, it increased. The highest nitrogen content after biothermal treatment was noted in the litter, the regeneration of which was carried out in accordance with the improved method, and the lowest in the variant where the pile was covered with a film. After biothermal treatment, microbial contamination of the litter with enterobacteria inside the piles decreased in all variants: in the first control by 90 %, when the pile was covered with a film by 93 %, with the addition of a microbiological preparation and irradiation of the pile with ultraviolet radiation (improved method) by 95 %. Covering with a film, and especially irradiation of the pile with ultraviolet radiation, made it possible to significantly reduce microbial contamination of the litter and on the surface of the piles. Microbial contamination of the litter by fungal microorganisms after regeneration decreased 2.5 times – on the surface of the piles, and 5 times – inside.
The positive influence of monochromatic and combined monochromatic light of a certain spectrum on the performance of broiler chickens is known. However, in different age periods of cultivation, the optimal spectrum is different. At the same time, in the well-known studies, during the entire growing period, the light of the same color range was used or it changed discretely – by a sharp transition from one to another, which, in our opinion, does not allow to fully use the advantages of monochromatic and combined monochromatic lighting. Given the above, our research aimed to study the effect of a smooth change in the light spectrum in the house during the period of broiler chickens growing on their growth and development. The lighting options were investigated: 1st – white light (5000 K) throughout the growing period; 2nd – up to 10 days green (540-570 nm), from the 11th day of cultivation – blue light (470-500 nm); 3rd – combined green-blue (50% / 50%) light during the entire growing period; 4th –combined green-blue light during the entire growing period with a smooth change in their ratio from 0 % blue and 100 % green at the daily age to 100% blue and 0% green at 6 weeks of age. As light sources used LED lamps. It was found that the last option of lighting contributed to the increase in live weight of broiler chickens at 6 weeks of age by 144.8 g or 5.6 % compared with those that were grown under white light (P<0.05). Broilers that were raised under this spectrum of light also tended to have an advantage in weight compared to chickens that were raised under other lighting options. No statistically significant difference was found between broiler chickens that were raised under various lighting options and for the safety of birds, feed conversion and slaughter yield.
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