The paper analyses self-descriptions made by 32 subjects aged 14—15 years using the Incomplete Sentences technique (J.M. Sacks, S. Levy) and M. Kuhn and T. McPartland test “Who am I?” in T.V. Rumyantseva’s modification. There are three topics of reflection in the adolescent’s responses: activity, communication and self-consciousness. The psychological age of the participants was defined according to the topic which dominated in their self-descriptions: pre-adolescent (situation-based, practical, activity-oriented level of reflection), early adolescent (communicative) and late adolescent (personality-based level of reflection). The outcomes of the study were then compared to other Russian studies of reflection in adolescents. Also, the paper presents a qualitative analysis of the adolescents’ short stories about family life which depicted, as the instruction had put it, the relationships between members of one family, their everyday life and traditions. The paper reveals the differences and similarities in family representations of the adolescents of early and late adolescent psychological age and explores the correlations between the adolescents’ psychological age (the level of their reflection) and their attitudes towards their family, mothers, fathers and to themselves.
Психологический возраст ребенка как основание для проектирования стратегий развития родительской компетентности
O presente artigo tem como objetivo examinar como é possível ao professor – ou ao adulto-educador – estruturar um sistema de meios culturais conjugado com a idade psicológica da criança que possa operar sobre a zona de desenvolvimento iminente da criança. Para tanto, analisa-se o potencial metodológico da abordagem histórico-cultural de Vigotski para o diagnóstico e a promoção do desenvolvimento psíquico de crianças no início da vida escolar. Argumenta-se que, para o diagnóstico do desenvolvimento e a definição de estratégia do trabalho corretivo, é importante manter um olhar estereoscópico em que os eixos das coordenadas da visão ampla da criança sejam: o conteúdo da relação de convivência com os adultos e coetâneos, as especificidades da neoformação psicológica da idade como o conteúdo da vontade e do desenvolvimento cultural e, finalmente, a função psíquica central e a atividade-guia. São descritos dois exemplos que permitem indicar os aspectos corretivos centrais do adulto-educador e delinear prognósticos.
The textbook discusses the subject, principles, sources of international tax law and European tax law, as well as the content of these tax relations. The main attention is paid to the development of the concept of permanent representation in international tax law, issues of avoiding double taxation and countering unfair tax competition. For undergraduates, postgraduates and teachers of higher educational institutions.
A staff shortage has a negative impact on the functioning of both an individual service or enterprise (organization, institution) in general, and the entire industry in which it arises. This problem is observed most acutely today in the social sphere, in particular, for education and health care, which are strategic sectors of existence of any state. In this regard, the article explores the problem of the staff shortage in the health care sector of the Krasnodar Territory. The analysis has shown that in the Krasnodar Territory a staffing level of a health care personnel is on average 75%, but, as in the whole country, it is significantly higher in medical organizations providing an inpatient care than in an outpatient service. The key problems of the staff shortage are: low wages of young professionals, a long training period for the professionals, poor material and technical base of medical institutions, etc. The staff shortage primary negatively affects the efficiency and quality of medical service. To maintain positive trends and completely eliminate the staff shortage, medical universities need to increase not only the number of trained graduate-therapists, but also narrow professionals, who will come to work in outpatientpolyclinic organizations. An analysis of the structure of terminated agreements under the "Zemsky Doctor" Program has revealed an inefficiency of the regional recruitment policy in the medical care in 8 municipalities of the Krasnodar Territory. In these conditions, the importance of social-psychological methods of motivation arises. A special place is occupied by a material stimulation, which is not only economic, but also socialpsychological in nature. Under these conditions, great attention should be paid to an application of the two-factor theory of the motivation by F. Herzberg in the health care system, focusing on hygienic factors
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