This study uses 1993-94 and 1999-2000 rounds of India Employment and Unemployment survey to investigate wage differentials between the public and private sectors. To obtain robust estimates of the wage differential, we apply three econometric techniques each relying on a different set of assumptions about the process of job selection and wage formation. All three methods show that differences in wages between public sector workers and workers in the formal-private and informal-casual sectors are positive and high. On average, the public sector premium ranges between 62 and 102 per cent over the private-formal sector, and between 164 and 259 per cent over the informal-casual sector, depending on the choice of methodology. The wage differentials in India tend to be higher in rural as compared to urban areas, and are higher among women than among men. The wage differential also tends to be higher for low-skilled workers. There is considerable evidence of an increase in the wage differential between 1993-1994 and 1999-2000. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

About 20,000 early childhood development centers A high cost for child care discourages households provided day care for and prepared for primary school from using formal child care facilities and has a negative more than 1 million children aged three to seven effect on mothers' participation in market work. (roughly 20 percent of children in that age group) in * The cost of child care and the level of mothers' Kenya in 1995. The number of child care facilities wages affect older children's school enrollment, but these reached 23,690 by the end of 1999.factors affect boys' and girls' schooling differently. An Lokshin, Glinskaya, and Garcia analyze the effect of increase in mothers' wages increases boys' enrollment but child care costs on households' behavior in Kenya. For depresses girls' enrollment. households with children aged three to seven, they * Higher child care costs have no significant effect on model household demand for mothers' participation in boys' schooling but significantly decrease the number of paid work, the participation in paid work of other girls in school. household members, household demand for schooling, and household demand for child care.