The authors have studied the influence of a probiotic and a gastrointestinal adsorbent on the histostructure of the digestive tract of broilers. Day-old broilers were divided into groups of 50 heads each by the method of analog pairs in terms of live weight. Control broilers received a basic diet. Broilers of the 1st experimental group during the first three days of the experiment received probiotic Vetom-1.1 (0.006%) containing spores of Bacillus subtilis with the basic diet, and broilers of the 2nd experimental group received gastrointestinal adsorbent Enterosgel (0.008%). For histological studies, three heads of broilers were selected at day 1 of age, day 4 of age, and at the end of the experiment (after the end of feeding the preparation and before the transition to the basic diet) from the average weight of each group. Samples were excised from the middle of the crop, the glandular part of the stomach, the duodenum, the jejunum, and the proximal part of the cecum of birds. At the end of the experiment, the positive aftereffect of the preparation persisted in the crop and duodenum. At the same time, in the experimental group, the thickness of the submucous membrane of the stomach decreased, and in the cecum, the layer of villi increased.
Poultry farming as one of the most intensive branches of animal husbandry, and it uses a large amount of various feed supplements in order to obtain the maximum production volume. This article presents the results of a study on the effect of feed supplements used for feeding broiler chickens. Until the age of 42 days, the chickens received a phytase-containing enzyme supplement, mineral supplements Mn and Ca in a citrate form and a vitamin supplement of 1,25-dioxycholecalciferol (vitamin D3, calcitriol). The live weight of the chickens was measured at the age of 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days. The femur development of the chickens was studied through morphological methods (morphometry and histological examination). The influence of various supplements (from the combined to the mutually absorbing ones) on the growth and development of the long bones of broilers was identified. Keywords: poultry, broilers, feed supplements, vitamin D, mineral supplements, enzyme supplements, histology, bones
The authors studied the growth characteristics (morphophysiological indicators) of broilers’ digestive organs when using Pharmatan in the diet at doses of 0.025; 0.05 and 0.075%. For the study, three medium-weight broiler chickens were selected – on a daily basis for the first three days, then on a weekly basis. The mass of the stomach, individual intestines, the mass of internal organs, and the coefficient of growth rate were determined according to Brody. To study the relative growth rate, the simple allometry formula y = axb was used. It has been established that the most intensive growth of the digestive organs is observed in the first week of broiler life and consists in the stimulated growth of the intestine, especially the cecum. Later on, the growth of the digestive organs in birds of the control group increases and becomes equal to or higher than in broilers of the experimental group. In general, for 42 days of the experiment, the growth rate of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract is practically the same in the birds of the experimental and control groups. The parameters of the regression equations indicate significant differences in the growth of individual organs of the digestive tube during the individual development of broilers. In the experimental groups of broilers, almost all intestinal organs grow quite intensively (b = 1.325–1.783) during the first week of raising, with relatively low values of determination coefficients (cecum – R2 = 0.355; jejunum – R2 = 0.745). High morphological values of 7-day-old birds treated with Pharmatan form the basis for growing broilers with a higher live weight.
The paper presents the results of studying the microstructure of the skin of purebred bulls of the Simmental breed (group I), Simmental crossbreeds with red steppe cattle (½ Simmental x ½ red steppe) (group II), and Simmental crossbreeds with the black-and-white breed (½ Simmental x ½ black-and-white) (group III). An increase in the thickness of individual layers of skin and its total thickness was found in bulls of all experimental groups with the advantage of group I Simmentals. Thus, in winter, they outperformed crossbred bulls of groups II and III in total skin thickness, respectively, by 259.6 microns (8.33%, P<0.05) and 180.4 microns (5.65%, P<0.05), and in the summer season by 320.1 microns (7.94%, P<0.05) and 211.3 microns (5.10 %, P<0.05). This caused a larger burial depth of hair follicles, sebaceous, and sweat glands in the pilar layer of the skin of the Simmentals of group I. It was found that the skin of the bulls of the Simmental breed of group I had a better developed glandular apparatus. Thus, crossbred young bulls of groups II and III were inferior to Simmental bulls of group I in the number of hair follicles per 1 mm 2 of skin in winter, respectively, by 1.8 pcs (12.50%, P<0.05) and 1.0 pcs (6.58%, P>0.05), sebaceous glands by 2.1 pcs (10.88%, P<0.05) and 1.0 pcs (6.58%, P><0.01) and 1.4 pcs (7.00%, P<0.05), and sweat glands by 1.6 pcs (9.52%, P<0.05) and 1.4 pcs (8.25%, P<0.05). Similar intergroup differences in the development of the glandular apparatus of the skin were observed in the summer period. Thus, the bulls of the Simmental breed (group I) exceeded the crossbred young bulls of group II and III in the number of hair per 1 mm 2 of the skin, respectively, 1.9 pcs (14.73%, P<0.05) and 1.2 pcs (8.82%, P<0.05), sebaceous glands by 2.2 pcs (13.25%, P<0.01) and 1.8 pcs (10.59%, P<0.05), sweat glands by 1.8 pcs (11.84%, P<0.05) and 1.7 pcs (11.11%; P<0.05).
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