Abstract. The lack of rainfall data in Brazil, and, in particular, in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), hinders the understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, especially in the case of the more complex extreme events. In this context, rainfall's estimation from remote sensors is seen as alternative to the scarcity of rainfall gauges. However, as they are indirect measures, such estimates needs validation. This paper aims to verify the applicability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite information for extreme rainfall determination in RS. The analysis was accomplished at different temporal scales that ranged from 5 min to daily rainfall while spatial distribution of rainfall was investigated by means of regionalization. An initial test verified TRMM rainfall estimative against measured rainfall at gauges for 1998-2013 period considering different durations and return periods (RP). Results indicated that, for the RP of 2, 5, 10 and 15 years, TRMM overestimated on average 24.7 % daily rainfall. As TRMM minimum time-steps is 3 h, in order to verify shorter duration rainfall, the TRMM data were adapted to fit Bell's (1969) generalized IDF formula (based on the existence of similarity between the mechanisms of extreme rainfall events as they are associated to convective cells). Bell's equation error against measured precipitation was around 5-10 %, which varied based on location, RP and duration while the coupled BELL+TRMM error was around 10-35 %. However, errors were regionally distributed, allowing a correction to be implemented that reduced by half these values. These findings in turn permitted the use of TRMM+Bell estimates to improve the understanding of spatiotemporal distribution of extreme hydrological rainfall events.
The adhesive systems are responsible for an efficient union between teeth and resin, resulting in a longevity restoration. They are organic molecules di or multifunctional that contain reactive groups that interact with dentin and with the resin monomer of composite resin. The adhesive systems are characterized by wet adhesion, which is a result of presence of hidrophylics radicals in their compositions, to promote a better bond and the best properties of the adhesion. Adhesive systems may use two different strategies to interact with the dental structure: total-etching and self-etching technique. The total-etching systems require a conditioning, a rinsing and a priming step in order to allow involvement of collagen fibers by the resin monomers and the formation of the so-called 'hybrid layer'. The total-etching promotes the cleaning of dentin, also promotes superficial demineralization and delivers collagen fibrils to participate of an interface union mechanism teeth/ adhesive system/restorative material. Self-etching adhesive systems are characterized by demineralization and infiltration of resin monomers simultaneously. This technique is attractive because reduced sensitivity associated with retaining the smear layer and smear plugs, thereby, minimize the possibility of inadvertent contamination of the bonding surface with dentinal surface through dentinal fluid transudate. B. M.; DIESEL, G. P.; CORRÊA, G. F.; BERNARDI, E.; FERNANDES M. A.; SKUPIEN, J. A. & SUSIN, A. H. Reflections about adhesive systems. DE FREITASInt. J. Odontostomat., 4(1):47-52, 2010.
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