Recent developments in hydrological modelling of river basins are focused on prediction in ungauged basins, which implies the need to improve relationships between model parameters and easilyobtainable information, such as satellite images, and to test the transferability of model parameters. A large-scale distributed hydrological model is described, which has been used in several large river basins in Brazil. The model parameters are related to classes of physical characteristics, such as soil type, land use, geology and vegetation. The model uses two basin space units: square grids for flow direction along the basin and GRU-group response units-which are hydrological classes of the basin physical characteristics for water balance. Expected ranges of parameter values are associated with each of these classes during the model calibration. Results are presented of the model fitting in the Taquari-Antas River basin in Brazil (26 000 km 2 and 11 flow gauges). Based on this fitting, the model was then applied to the Upper Uruguay River basin (52 000 km 2 ), having similar physical conditions, without any further calibration, in order to test the transferability of the model. The results in the Uruguay basin were compared with recorded flow data and showed relatively small errors, although a tendency to underestimate mean flows was found.Key words South America; River Uruguay; River Taquari; hydrological model; large basins; ungauged basins; parameter fitting Le modèle MGB-IPH pour la modélisation pluie-débit à grande échelle Résumé De récents développements en modélisation hydrologique de bassins versants sont centrés sur la prévision en bassins non jaugés, ce qui nécessite d'améliorer les relations entre les paramètres du modèle et les informations facilement accessibles, comme les images satellitales, et de tester la tranférabilité des paramètres de modélisation. Cet article décrit un modèle hydrologique distribué à grande échelle, qui a déjà été utilisé pour plusieurs grands bassins versants au Brésil. Les paramètres du modèle sont liés à des classes de caractéristiques physiques, telles que le type de sol, l'occupation du sol, la géologie et la végétation. Le modèle s'appuie sur deux unités spatiales: des mailles carrées pour les directions d'écoulement à travers le bassin et des UGR-unités groupées de réponse-qui sont des classes de caractéristiques physiques du bassin vis à vis du bilan hydrologique. Les gammes attendues des valeurs des paramètres sont associées à chacune de ces classes lors du calage du modèle. Les résultats du calage du modèle pour le bassin Brésilien de la Rivière Taquari-Antas (26 000 km² et 11 stations de jaugeage) sont présentés. Puis, à partir de ce calage, le modèle a été appliqué au bassin du cours supérieur de la Rivière Uruguay (52 000 km²), qui présente des conditions similaires, sans aucun calage supplémentaire, afin de tester la transférabilité du modèle. Les résultats dans le bassin de l'Uruguay ont été comparés avec des données de débit observées et des erreurs relativ...

[1] Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) data show lower rainfall over large water bodies in the Brazilian Amazon. Mean annual rainfall (P), number of wet days (rainfall > 2 mm) (W) and annual rainfall accumulated over 3-hour time intervals (P 3hr ) were computed from TRMM 3B42 data for 1998-2009. Reduced rainfall was marked over the Rio Solimões/Amazon, along most Amazon tributaries and over the Balbina reservoir. In a smaller test area, a heuristic argument showed that P and W were reduced by 5% and 6.5% respectively. Allowing for TRMM 3B42 spatial resolution, the reduction may be locally greater. Analyses of diurnal rainfall patterns showed that rainfall is lowest over large rivers during the afternoon, when most rainfall is convective, but at night and early morning the opposite occurs, with increased rainfall over rivers, although this pattern is less marked. Rainfall patterns reported from studies of smaller Amazonian regions therefore exist more widely.

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Resumocrescimento da população urbana tem gerado impactos negativos muito mais significativos sobre o meio ambiente, tais como as enchentes, que se mostram cada vez mais severas em decorrência da impermeabilização do solo com a falta de um plano de manejo das águas pluviais, e o emprego excessivo de canalizações. Diante da necessidade de uma mudança de paradigma na concepção das obras de drenagem pluvial, surgiu o conceito de Desenvolvimento de Baixo Impacto (DBI), cujo princípio é a gestão das águas pluviais próximo a sua origem, buscando a utilização de técnicas que permitam mimetizar funções naturais que são perdidas com a urbanização. Nesse contexto, os telhados verdes vêm sendo empregados, pois, além de outros benefícios, contribuem para o controle quali-quantitativo das águas pluviais. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados de um estudo de longo prazo sobre a eficiência de um telhado verde no controle quantitativo das águas pluviais. Foi possível reduzir, em média, 62% do escoamento superficial, promovendo um retardo no escoamento e reduzindo as vazões de pico, o que gerou o controle desejado. No entanto, sua eficiência é altamente influenciada pelas condições climáticas e de umidade do solo que antecedem cada evento chuvoso.Palavras-chave: Telhado verde. Controle. Escoamento pluvial. Desenvolvimento Urbano de Baixo Impacto. AbstractNegative impacts on the environment, such as floods severity, have been significantly intensified due to urban population growth, soil imperviousness, the lack of a Stormwater Management Plan, and the overuse of channelization. Therefore, the need of a paradigm shift in the traditional conception of stormwater drainage originated the concept of Low Impact Development (LID), which has as a principle to manage stormwater as close to its source as possible by applying techniques that allow restoring natural functions lost due to urbanization process. In this context, the use of green roofs is a widely accepted technique because of its contribution to the quali-quantitative stormwater control, besides other benefits. This paper presents the results of a long-term study about the efficiency of a green roof on the quantitative stormwater control. It was possible to reduce, on average, 62% of runoff, promoting a runoff delay and a reduction on peak flow, allowing, therefore, the desired control. However, its efficiency is highly dependent on climatic and precedent soil moisture conditions.

In this work, a high porous activated carbon from Jacaranda mimosifolia was developed and employed for ketoprofen adsorption. After the pyrolysis process at 973.15 K, the material presented cavities with different sizes allocated on the particle surface. The material presented a pH at the point of zero charge of 4.1 with the best adsorption at pH 2. The best adsorbent dosage was 0.72 g L−1, corresponding to a removal of 96%. The system reached the adsorption equilibrium after 120 min and was described by the linear driving force model. The isotherms revealed that the adsorption capacity decreased with the temperature and followed the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 303.9 mg g−1. This high capacity can be associated with the high surface area (928 m2 g−1) and pore volume (0.521 cm3 g−1) values. The thermodynamic values indicated that the adsorption system is spontaneous and exothermic. The enthalpy value indicates that the interactions between the adsorbent and adsorbate are physical. Regeneration tests showed a decreasing percentage of removal of 7.86% after 5 cycles. Finally, the adsorbent showed efficiency when treating a simulated effluent containing drugs and inorganic salts, showing the removal of 71.43%.