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Ethnic-racial discrimination experiences, ethnic-racial identity (ERI) development, and attitudes toward other ethnic-racial group contact all make important contributions to individuals' health and well-being. Absent from the literature is systematic examination of whether these constructs may be measured equivalently for adolescents from different ethnic-racial groups living in different contexts. In 2 large ethno-racially diverse samples of high school students in the Southwestern (N ϭ 2,136) and Midwestern (N ϭ 1,055) United States, the current study tested invariance of 4 widely used measures, including

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As the U.S. Latino youth population grows, understanding how family and individual resources may promote Latino adolescents' academic outcomes is important. The current investigation examined whether family ethnic socialization predicted adolescents' use of proactive strategies for coping with ethnic-racial discrimination and examined a potential pathway through which these contextual and individual resources may relate to educational outcomes. Drawing on data from a sample of Latino adolescents (n = 321; Mage = 15.31 years, SD = .76; 49.5% female), results of a cross-sectional structural equation model showed a double mediation of the relation between family ethnic socialization and GPA by proactive coping strategies and self-efficacy. Alternate models, limitations of the current investigation, and implications for future research are discussed.Latinos comprise almost a quarter of the current U.S. youth population, with projections indicating that Latinos will account for 34 percent of the youth population by 2060 (Colby & Ortman, 2015). As Latino students constitute a significant and increasingly more significant share of the nation's future, ensuring that they are academically well-prepared for the workforce is important for the U.S. to thrive on a global level. Although the dropout rate has decreased over the past two decades, Latino students in the U.S. drop out of school at a rate two times higher than their White counterparts (Gramlich, 2017). These educational disparities could be related to Latino youths' experiences with ethnic-racial discrimination (e.g., prejudiced comments, negative stereotypes, and negative actions toward individuals based on their ethnic group membership; Brondolo, Ver Halen, Pencille, Beatty, & Contrada, 2009). Latino adolescents report a high prevalence of experiences with ethnic-racial discrimination (Flores, Tschann, Dimas, Pasch, & de Groat, 2010), and these experiences are negatively related to their academic achievement (e.g., Huynh & Fuligni, 2010;McWhirter, Garcia, & Bines, 2017).Indeed, consistent with theoretical notions advanced in the Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST; Spencer, Dupree, & Hartmann, 1997), repeat exposure to discriminatory experiences during adolescence may form patterns of responses that shape developmental trajectories and identities via self-system processes. However, adolescents' proactive coping strategies (i.e., strategies through which they actively engage in efforts to resolve stressors) may mitigate the effects of discrimination (Pascoe & Smart Richman, 2009) and these coping responses may in turn be incorporated into adolescents' emerging identities (Spencer et al., 1997). In fact, research shows that proactive coping strategies are positively related to adolescents' self-esteem, ethnic-racial identity, and positive affect (Dumont & Provost, 1999; Vera et al., 2012). It is especially important to understand the mechanisms underlying adolescents' approaches for coping proactively with discrimination due to the negative...

Self‐control may act as a protective factor against the development of internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents. However, little research has examined how self‐control functions within and across different types of communities. Using two cohorts from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (N = 1,072; 51.40% female), we examined how self‐control and neighborhood characteristics were independently and jointly associated with these behaviors. Using latent profile analysis, we categorized neighborhoods based on several characteristics known to be associated with youth outcomes, including violence, concentrated disadvantage, and collective efficacy. Then we examined how self‐control was associated with youth internalizing and externalizing problems within and across neighborhoods. Results suggest that self‐control was a protective feature in only some types of disadvantaged and dangerous neighborhoods. We discuss findings in terms of implications for programs and policies to support youth mental health.

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