Conclusion:It can be concluded that the adjuvant property of propolis ethanol extract may be useful for the stimulation of humoral immune responses in vaccine design for infectious disease.

BackgroundWhile there are several instruments in Brazil that measure motor function in patients after stroke, it is unknown whether the measurement properties of these instruments are appropriate. ObjectiveTo identify the motor function instruments available in Brazil for patients after stroke. To assess the methodological quality of the studies and the results related to the measurement properties of these instruments. MethodTwo independent reviewers conducted searches on PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus. Studies that aimed to cross-culturally adapt an existing instrument or create a Brazilian instrument and test at least one measurement property related to motor function in patients after stroke were included. The methodological quality of these studies was checked by the COSMIN checklist with 4-point rating scale and the results of the measurement properties were analyzed by the criteria developed by Terwee et al. ResultsA total of 11 instruments were considered eligible, none of which were created in Brazil. The process of cross-cultural adaptation was inadequate in 10 out of 11 instruments due to the lack of back-translation or due to inappropriate target population. All of the instruments presented flaws in the measurement properties, especially reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity. ConclusionThe flaws observed in both cross-cultural adaptation process and testing measurement properties make the results inconclusive on the validity of the available instruments. Adequate procedures of cross-cultural adaptation and measurement properties of these instruments are strongly needed.

The MAS demonstrated good indicators of validity and reliability to be used for the assessment of motor function of individuals with stroke within clinical and research contexts. Implications for rehabilitation The Motor Assessment Scale is a performance-based scale for the assessment of motor function of individuals with stroke, based on a task-oriented approach. The Motor Assessment Scale has shown good clinical utility indicators dues to its quick administration, objectivity, and clinical relevance as a functional predictor. The Motor Assessment Scale showed good indicators of validity and reliability to be used within clinical and research contexts for the evaluation of motor function of individuals after stroke.

Role of mutation in the gyrA and parC genes of nalidixic acid-resistant salmonella serotypes isolated from animals in the United Kingdom. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41, 635-641 SALYERS,A.A. & SHOEMAKER, N. B. (1996) Resistance gene transferin anaerobes: new insights, new problems. Clinical Infectious Diseases 23 (Suppl 1), S36-S43

This study demonstrates the need for ongoing vigilance regarding exposure of patients with PID to poliovirus in the community.

Poliomyelitis is still an endemic disease in Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan despite the efforts to eradicate the disease. Therefore, there is a potential risk of international spread. Since the start of the polio eradication program by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, the incidence of polio has been reduced by 99%. In the last decade, wild poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) was eliminated and declared eradicated in 2015. Wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) was last reported in November 2012. These changes have allowed the removal of Sabin poliovirus type 2 from the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in April 2016 and countries either introduced bivalent OPV (bOPV) containing Sabin types 1 + 3 poliovirus or added at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) into their routine immunization schedule. Many efforts are needed to eradicate polio, and new strategies should be implemented such as the development and approval of new genetically stable OPV, and vaccines that do not require infectious processes for virus growth, such as virus-like particles (VLPs), or packing-cell technology. IPV will increasingly be produced from Sabin strains, and further attenuated or genetically modified strains. Furthermore, there is also a need for the development of antiviral drugs to treat immunodeficient patients who are long-term excretors infected with poliovirus, thus avoiding contamination of individuals susceptible to polioviruses, due to reversal of pathogenicity. If all these measures are successfully implemented, the world will be close to the global interruption of WPV transmission and polio eradication.

Objectives To translate, perform a cultural adaptation and to test the reproducibility of the Oxford Shoulder Score version for Brazil. Methods First, the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) was translated into Portuguese by two English professors who did not know the aim of the study. After that the questionnaire was back-translated into English by two native English professors who did not know the questionnaire. These translations were reviewed by a committee (one physician and two PTs) to establish a Brazilian version of the questionnaire to be tested. The first Brazilian version of the OSS was applied in 30 patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis to test the cultural adaptation. The validity and reproducibility of the Brazilian version of OSS was applied in another 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with shoulder complains, both genders and who were aged 18 to 65 years. The patients were initially interviewed by two assessors (interobserver reproducibility) and after 2 weeks one of these assessors applied the OSS again (intraobserver reproducibility). The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for shoulder pain; the Brazilian version of Oxford Shoulder Score; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Scale (DASH); Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and Short Form-36 were administered. Results Since all the patients understand the questionnaire, the first version was considered the final version of the Brazilian - OSS. A Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.957 was found. The intraclass intraobserver and interobserver correlation coefficients were 0.917 and 0.861, respectively. The Spearman’s coefficient indicated that there was a high level of correlation of the Oxford Shoulder Score and HAQ (0,663 - p>0.001) and with DASH questionnaire (0,731 - p>0.001) and SF-36 at the domains: physical functioning (-0,589 - p≥0,001); role physical (-0,507 - p≥0,004); bodily pain (-0,624 - p>0,001); general health (-0,444 - p≥0,014); vitality (-0,634 - p>0,001), mental health (-0,578 - p≥0,001). The average administration time for the Oxford Shoulder Score was 2 minutes and 32 seconds. Conclusions The Brazilian version of the Oxford Shoulder Score was successfully translated and adapted, and this version exhibited good internal consistency, reliability and construct validity. References Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3186-91. Dawson J, Fitzpatrick R, Carr A. Questionnaire on the perceptions of patients about shoulder surgery. JournalBone Joint Surgery. 1996;78:593-600. Ferraz MB, Oliveira LM, Araujo PM, Atra E, Tugwell P. Crosscultural reability of physicalability dimension of the health assessment questionaire. J Rheumatol 1990a;17(6):813-17. Van der Windt DA, Koes BA, Jong BA, Bouter LM. Shoulder disorders in general practice: incidence, patient characteristics, and management. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1995;54(12):959-64. Disclosure of Interest None Declared