A series of C-doped, W-doped, and C,W-codoped TiO2 samples
have been prepared using modified sol–gel techniques. Reproducible
inexpensive C-doping arises from the presence of melamine borate in
a sol–gel mixture, whereas W-doping is from the addition of
tungstic acid to the sol. The materials have been characterized using
elemental analysis, N2 physisorption (BET), thermogravimetric
analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman, X-ray photoelectron, UV–vis
spectroscopies, and photocatalytic activity measurements. Doping C
and W independently results in an increased absorbance in the visible
region of the spectrum with a synergistic effect in increased absorbance
when both elements are codoped. The increased visible-light absorbance
of the W-doped or codoped materials is not reflected in photocatalytic
activity. Visible-light-induced photocatalytic activity of C-doped
material was superior to that of an undoped catalyst, paving the way
for its application under only visible-light irradiation conditions.
A significant fraction of the spectral red shift commonly observed
with doped catalysts might be due to the formation of color centers
as a result of defects associated with oxygen vacancies, and bandgap-related
narrowing or intragap localization of dopant levels are not the only
factors responsible for enhanced visible-light absorption in doped
photocatalysts. Furthermore, bandgap narrowing through increases in
the energy of the valence band may actually decrease photo-oxidation
activity through a curtailment of one route of oxidation.
Publication information
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry, 289 :Publisher Elsevier Item record/more information http://hdl.handle.net/10197/5640
Publisher's statementThis is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Photochemistry and Photobilogy (VOL 289, ISSUE 2014, (2014
AbstractIn this work, different thermal treatments of titanium isopropoxide-derived photo-catalyst precursors, designed with the purpose of generating C-doped TiO 2 photo-catalysts using carbon atoms present in the TiOx gel precursors as dopants, are presented. Specifically, these look at varying the standard calcination techniques using heat treatments in He (rather than calcination in air) and lower temperature calcinations (200 °C rather than 500 °C). The formed materials are characterised using N 2 physisorption, XRD, UV Visible spectroscopy and XPS and their activities in promoting the oxidation of 4-chlorophenol under visible-light-only conditions were analysed. The nature of carbon remaining on the (or in the) material is discussed found to be both surface graphitic carbon and carbon present in anionic dopant positions. The different contributions of each type of carbon to the catalytic photo-activity under visible light are discussed.
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