Synthetic seed technologies are useful tools for the field delivery of in vitro derived plantlets. In the present study, different encapsulation procedures and their efficacy in the plantlet regeneration using microshoots of banana cv. 'Grand Naine' were evaluated. Two encapsulation systems were evaluated: i) single encapsulation in beads or droplet hardening method; and ii) double layer or hollow beads. The use of different compounds to enhance the capsule conservation and the conversion to plantlets was also evaluated. The conversion capacity was assessed in vitro on water-agar culture medium or in ex vitro conditions with Gerbox® boxes. The single encapsulation system showed 80% conversion. The capsules with MS saline formulation treated with 100mM KNO3 showed 76% conversion. Capsules with 1.5g L-1 activated charcoal, and 0.5g L-1 benomyl sucrose-free capsules showed 75% conversion. The encapsulated and non-encapsulated microshoots exhibited 100% germination in response to MS culture medium, and polyethylene glycol after 10 days of storage at 4°C. Sucrose-free capsules showed significantly higher germination (83.3%) than those sucrose-enriched capsules (56.7%). The ex vitro conversion of encapsulated microshoots was 20% in the Gerbox™. These results indicate the feasibility using synthetic seeds in the large-scale micropropagation of banana cv. 'Grand Naine'.
RESUMO -Dentre todas as fruteiras de clima temperado, a macieira é a que mais atenção tem recebido no sentido de se obterem portaenxertos com características de boa adaptação, resistência ou sanidade. O desenvolvimento de um método eficiente para caracterizar genótipos com tolerância ao alumínio é o primeiro passo para a realização de estudos de mecanismos genéticos envolvidos na herança desse caráter. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a tolerância ao alumínio dos porta-enxertos de macieira M.9 e Marubakaido em cinco concentrações (0; 50;150; 250 e 350 μM L -1 ) em solução nutritiva. As estacas de Marubakaido, na concentração intermediária de alumínio apresentaram menor crescimento radicular e aéreo. O M.9 mostrou menor crescimento radicular nas concentrações de 250 e 350 μM de alumínio. As características de crescimento avaliadas permitiram discriminar o porta-enxerto Marubakaido como mais tolerante que o M.9, e a concentração de 350 μM L -1 é a mais eficiente para a discriminação da tolerância ao alumínio aos 15 dias de cultivo em solução nutritiva. Termos para indexação: Malus sp, melhoramento genético, tolerância ao alumínio. ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA TO SELECT APPLE TREE ROOTSTOCKS TOLERANT TO THE ALUMINUM IN NUTRITIOUS SOLUTIONABSTRACT -Among all of the temperate fruit trees, the apple tree is the one that has attracted more attention when it comes to obtaining rootstocks with characteristics of good adaptation, resistance or sanity. The development of an efficient method to characterize genotypes with tolerance to the aluminum is the first step for the accomplishment of genetic mechanisms studies involved in the inheritance of this character. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the tolerance to aluminum of the apple tree rootstocks M.9 and Marubakaido in five concentrations (0, 50, 150, 250 and 350 μM L -1 ) in nutritious solution. The cuttings of Marubakaido, in the intermediate concentration of aluminum presented smaller root and aerial growth. M.9 showed smaller root growth in the concentrations of 250 and 350 μM of aluminum. The evaluated growth characteristics permitted to identify the apple rootstock Marubakaido as more tolerant than the M.9, and the concentration of 350 μM L -1 is the most efficient to identify the tolerance to aluminum in the 15 days of cultivation in nutritious solution. It is expected that later, this data can be used in works of individuals' selection in segregated populations accomplished in crossings with these two apple rootstocks.
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