The Fischer-Tropsch process (F-T process) is known as a method of synthesizing organic products (including liquid fuel) from CO + H2 mixture gases (synthesis gas) using various catalysts. The interest in the F-T process is associated with the global struggle against carbon emissions. Earlier we noted that the electrochemical synthesis of formic acid from water and atmospheric CO2 can be a promising general scheme for obtaining "green fuel" with minus (negative) "carbonic effect" simultaneously "formate cycle" (synthesis of organic products from formic acid produced from atmospheric CO2) fuel has zero carbon balance. This synthesis is brought to efficiency, surpassing natural photosynthesis. Synthesized formic acid can be used as a fuel for fuel cells and as a hydrogen accumulator. A semiproduct of green fuel synthesis with zero carbon balance and synthetic organic chemical products with minus carbon balance (thanks to bonded carbon from atmospheric CO2). From an economical point the direct use of formic acid would be more rational (with the exception of one stage), without first carbon monoxide separation. From the point of view of the physical chemistry, it is necessary to take into account the relatively low reactivity of formic acid in comparison with carbon monoxide. The traditional way of activation, by applying high temperatures, high pressures and specific catalysts in gas phase. However, using electromagnetic activation may be a more interesting pathway. This aspect will be discussed in this work. The final selection of the method based on the results of bench scale should be made on the basis of a complex criterion of the rate of passage of the modified F-T process and economic indicators: equipment cost, and energy consumption in terms of the mass of final products, taking into account of their cost. In this case, it appears an alternative way of obtaining some final products without using fossil hydrocarbons.

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In the thermal circuits of domestic steam turbines, mixing-type low-pressure heaters (LPH) with free-flow jet water distribution and counter-flow of water and steam are widely used. The choice of the counterflow variant of the media movement ensures the most efficient heat transfer. However, the technical problem of ensuring reliable operation of LPH in the entire range of design loads of TPP and NPP power units is still relevant.During the commissioning and operation of mixing-type LPH in 800÷1200 MW turbines of TPP and NPP, the presence of metal knocks in the zone of the check valve, hydraulic shocks in the heating section were revealed. A priori, these phenomena indicated design flaws in LPH or manufacturing defects in their production. Research carried out by NPO CKTI specialists showed that periodic hydraulic shocks in the heating section and metal knocks occur as a result of uneven distribution around the circumference of the main condensate and steam supply. This leads to a breakdown of the check valve and the destruction of perforated plates and off-design heating of water in the volume of the annular LPH water chamber. To clarify the causes of the damage, develop recommendations for the reconstruction of the apparatus and further account for the design, two series of experimental studies were carried out on mixing-type heaters of 800 MW turbine units PNSV-2000-1 and PNSV-2000-2 manufactured at PJSC Krasny Kotelshchik. The purpose of the experimental studies was to determine the change in the water level in the water chamber and the heating of the main condensate in the elements of the heating compartment during normal operation of the power unit at loads of 400÷850 MW. Based on the results of the research, the method for calculating the mixing-type LPH has been refined, taking into account the revealed non-uniformity of water heating in the water chamber, recommendations for their reconstruction have been developed and implemented.

Reheaters (LPR-3 and LPR-4). Heat exchange surfaces were made of welded or all-welded tubes of 08Х18Н10Т stainless steel (AISI 321) with a diameter of 16х1mm. LPR-3 and LPR-4 have identical design. The heating steam moves horizontally between the seven horizontal partitions and crossing successively vertical tubes of the second running and then the main condensate first running, condenses on the vertical heat exchange tubes and flows down along the tubes surface. The pressure in the tubes is about 1.2 MPa, and the pressure of the heating steam is 0.3 MPa. After the ban on the use of copper-containing materials in the second circuit of nuclear power plants, their gradual replacement began with steel ones. After a relatively recent installation of stainless steel tubes in LPR-3, significant damages of the tubes occurred with a violation of their tightness. Overwhelming majority of the damaged tubes were along the first running of the heated water and inside the three lower horizontal sections. The form of the damages appeared to be of a cavitation character, although the distribution of temperature and pressure did not completely satisfy this statement. It was shown that the presence of such effects can be explained using the model of internal non-stationary nature of two-phase flows proposed in the NPO CKTI JSC. Relative values of local pressure fluctuations correspond to the maximum of the density (or quality) fluctuations and can be about 0.03-0.05 MPa. Thus, the pulsations of local saturation temperature can reach 5-7°C and cause the effects of steam bubbles formation and their collapse in the condensate near the partitions. At the same time, it is possible to explain the location of the injuries and formulate some proposals for weakening or even elimination the observed effects. Although the described effects were found at NPP, but they, of course, can occur at conventional Power Plants.

The problem of using hydrogen as a coolant became actual before the concept of global warming and the struggle for decarbonization. Formate cycle allows solving problem of transportation and storage. New modified Fisher-Tropsh process. version is described and showed that most rational electromagnetic activation utilization for its implementation. More detailed problem nuclear energy is considered with Carlo Rubbia ideas usage. It is proposed to use subcritical reactor with torium nuclear fuel what ensure 100% safety. Floating Nuclear Chemical-Synthetic Facility (NChSF) of the open sea was considered.