Pesticide should be formulated to keep bioactivity and to enhance efficiency and safety in application. Insecticide formulations consist of active ingredient and co-formulant. Most active ingredients are poorly diluted in water, so they need adjuvant such as surfactant. Surfactant will help to make a homogeneous solution between formula and water. Insecticide was formulated using emamectin benzoate as active ingredient and co-formulants such as xylene as solvent, surfactant DEA, APG and CTAC. DEA and CTAC surfactants were synthesized from palm oil derivates. They were palm oil methyl ester and palmityl alcohol. Insecticide was formulated using emamectin benzoate 15%, non-ionic surfactant (4%, 5%, and 6%) with DEA : APG ratio of 3:2, 1:1 and 2:3 and also cationic surfactant of 1%. Characterization of insecticide formulation showed that the best formulation of concentration nonionic surfactant was 6% with DEA : APG ratio of 2:3. The best characteristic of insecticide formulation was density of 0.9955 d/cm 3 , surface tension of 27.42 dyne/cm, contact angle of 21.61, and particle size of 4.64 µm. This formula also caused mortality of Spodoptera litura, one of major insect pests on soybean, and showed as effective as commercial insecticide formula. The best insecticide concentration for application was 0.20% that caused 96% of larvae mortality at 24 hours after application.
Size reduction of pesticide formulation can improve its performance to pest and disease control in plant. Size reduction methods were high speed agitation, ultrasonic emulsification, high pressure homogenization, microfluidic and membrane emulsification. Homogenizer and sonication methods were most widely used because its high effectivity in size reduction. The purpose of this research was to identify the effect of size reduction on physico chemical properties of the insecticide formulation by adding palm oil surfactant. The method of this research was to make an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation using 15% active ingredient of emamectin benzoate, xylene, cationic surfactant of 1%, nonionic surfactants of 6% with DEA and APG surfactant ratio of 2:3. This formulation was mixed using Homogenizer at a speed of 4000 rpm and sonication with frequencies of 42 kHz at various times of 15, 30 and 45 minutes. The best result of this research was using sonication method for 45 minutes. The best physico-chemical properties were emulsion stability after 2 hours, cream formation after 24 hours emulsion, particle size of 0.70 μm with homogenous dispersion, surface tension of 25.54 dyne/cm, contact angle at 0 minutes of 25.05⁰ and contact angle after 15 minutes of 0⁰.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.