Keratoconus (KC) is the most common cornea ectatic disorder. It is characterized by a cone-shaped thin cornea leading to myopia, irregular astigmatism, and vision impairment. It affects all ethnic groups and both genders. Both environmental and genetic factors may contribute to its pathogenesis. This review is to summarize the current research development in KC epidemiology and genetic etiology. Environmental factors include but are not limited to eye rubbing, atopy, sun exposure, and geography. Genetic discoveries have been reviewed with evidence from family-based linkage analysis and fine mapping in linkage region, genome-wide association studies, and candidate genes analyses. A number of genes have been discovered at a relatively rapid pace. The detailed molecular mechanism underlying KC pathogenesis will significantly advance our understanding of KC and promote the development of potential therapies.

The prevalence of keratoconus in Jerusalem was found to be much higher than that seen in other parts of the world, except India. This may be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Positive family history, male gender and atopy were shown to be significant predictors. The results of this study signal a need for public health outreach and intervention for keratoconus.

This study supports the hypothesis that consanguinity is a significant risk factor for KC and provides strong support for a genetic contribution to the disease. Wearing sunglasses in this environment is beneficial, and the study confirmed that eye rubbing, allergy, and education are also significantly associated with KC after adjusting for other predictors.

Background:The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of keratoconic patients seen in a specialised contact lens practice from a general population with a high prevalence of the disease. Methods: Patients attending a contact lens practice for management of keratoconus were asked to complete a questionnaire. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, general health, family history, eye rubbing, allergy, asthma, eczema, education level, history of keratoplasty and smoking. Results: Two hundred and forty-four patients completed the questionnaire. There was a male bias (54.5 per cent). The majority of the patients (78.7 per cent) wore contact lenses, of whom 67.7 per cent wore hard, 13 per cent soft and 4.2 per cent scleral contact lenses. Some of the patients (21.3 per cent) had undergone corneal graft surgery. Eighteen per cent had an associated systemic disease, the most common of which was type 2 diabetes, although this disease was less prevalent, but not significantly, in the keratoconic sample than in the general population (p = 0.19). The prevalence of eye rubbing (65.6 per cent) was similar to other studies. Compared to the general population, asthma (13.2 per cent) was slightly, but not significantly, less prevalent (p = 0.17), eczema (6.6 per cent) was significantly less (p < 0.001) and allergy (34.4 per cent) was more prevalent (p < 0.001). A high proportion of patients reported a family history of the disease (27.9 per cent) and most were better educated than the general population. Conclusion:The results of this survey concur with those of other studies with regard to most known characteristics of keratoconus; however, the proportion of asthma and eczema tended to be less than in other surveys and may be linked to the environmental influence of a hot and sunny country. The high prevalence of positive family history of the disease in this cohort suggests a genetic influence.

Eye rubbing, parents' education (as a measure of socio-economic status) and having family members with KC emerged as significant risk factors for KC. The role of sun exposure in KC remains equivocal and warrants further research.

Keratoconus is a noninflammatory disorder characterized by ectasia of the central or inferior portion of the cornea. This review presents the scant epidemiological information known to date and the factors believed to cause the development of the disease. They are the genetic factors for which evidence come from family studies, twin studies and genetic loci. There appears to be multiple genes causing a keratoconus phenotype with variable penetration. However, the genetic predisposition might not be enough; environmental factors, such as eye rubbing, atopy and UV exposure, may have a role in generating the disease.

Although corneal vertical coma and, to a lesser extent, ocular vertical coma were found to be good indicators for the detection of keratoconic eyes, the traditional corneal topographic value such as the inferior-superior dioptric asymmetry remains an important predictor for identifying suspected keratoconus. However, ocular vertical coma and ocular higher order total root mean square also represent a good means of identifying suspected keratoconus.

Background:A clinical evaluation of the L80 wave+ autorefractometer (Visionix Luneau, Chartres, France) was performed to evaluate its validity and repeatability compared with non-cycloplegic subjective refraction. The L80 wave+ autorefractometer is a new instrument based on the Hartmann-Shack principle that has a specific autorefraction function using the wavefront device and can also measure keratometry, topography of the cornea and higher-order aberrations. Methods: Refractive error measurements were obtained from 100 eyes of 50 subjects (age, 25 Ϯ 2.71 years) subjectively by one masked practitioner and objectively with the L80 wave+ autorefractometer (with a 3.0 mm pupil) by a second practitioner. Intra-test and inter-test (within a week after the initial objective measures) variability was assessed on 28 new subjects (56 eyes).