Ruthenium complexes present two states of oxidation that are Ru(II) and Ru(III). Both are assumed to present cytotoxic activity at ground state. On the purpose of highlighting their differences, DFT, TD-DFT and NBO have been performed at both Wb97xd/Lanl2dz and B3lyp/Lanl2dz levels. NBO program shows that both groups of ruthenium complexes present almost the same charge of Ru atom. Moreover, they display nearly the same structure of valence orbitals of the ruthenium. However, when it comes to compare their frontier orbitals HOMO and LUMO, we notice that the chloride atom has a great influence on their energy. The lack of Chloride atoms reduces the energy of frontier orbitals regardless of the functional. And the more the number of chloride atoms, the higher the energy. Also, RuCl 3
Modeling is an indispensable tool for a better wastewater treatment strategy. However, the modelling of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation can be difficult to achieve because of the various physico-chemical mechanisms involved. It is in this context that the objective of this study was to model and optimize COD removal and electrical energy consumption by response surface methodology (RSM) during the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC). For this purpose, a full factorial design (FD) was first used to observe the effect of experimental parameters (stirring speed, pH, time and current intensity) on COD removal and energy consumption. Then, a central composite design (CCD) was performed to optimize COD removal and electrical energy consumption. The optimum conditions are obtained at the stirring speed of 871 rpm, pH = 6.83; time of 80 min and current intensity of 1.85 A. By applying these optimal conditions for the treatment, reductions of 84 ± 1.08% of COD; 93.86 ± 0.91% of BOD; 97.80 ± 0.86% of turbidity and 99.62 ± 0.12% of PO 4 3and an energy consumption of 9 KWh.m -3 were obtained. Thus, this study reveals that RSM is an effective tool for the modeling and optimization of electrocoagulation.
This study allowed us to highlight the level of pollution of a BAYA River water near several poultry farms and the sizing of an anaerobic digester that will be able to treat chicken manure from a poultry farm (BRIN FOUNDATION).To evaluate this pollution, the parameters such as ammonium ( 4 NH + ), Phosphate (
The development of societies and industrial progress cannot be achieved without the use of electricity. The growing demand for energy and the degradation of the environment by current sources force us to look for other methods to produce it. The production of renewable energy from landfill waste reduces the environmental problems caused by the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas. Therefore, in this work, life cycle assement is used to compare the different energy recovery options of four solid waste management systems with each other and to assess the corresponding carbon credit. The four management systems are: landfilling (scenario S 0 ), landfilling with energy recovery (scenario S 1 ), incineration combined with anaerobic digestion with energy recovery in both cases (scenario S 2 ) and incineration with energy recovery (scenario S 3 ). The assessment showed that scenario S 2 is the best waste management option for energy production with an energy potential of 890.9 GWh/year, which corresponds to 11% of the Côte d'Ivoire's net electricity production in 2015. In addition, this scenario has led to a better reduction in methane emissions with a carbon credit of USD 12168200 for the total amount of waste managed in one year. However, scenario S 1 is the wrong option in terms of energy production with an energy potential of 232.2 GWh/year corresponding to 3% of the Ivory Coast's net electricity production in 2015. Regarding the potential reductions in CO2equivalent emissions, those of scenario S1 are the lowest with a carbon credit of US$ 12,025,343. From the point of view of the production of clean and green energy, the voice to be followed for an optimal MSW management technique in Abidjan is the anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction, the incineration of the fuel fraction, followed by the landfilling of the residues.
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