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Topical application of mitomycin C with needle revision seems to be an extremely effective way to revive failed filtration surgery. The incidence of complications related to mitomycin C was minimal.

Purpose:To compare the efficacy of preoperative local injection of mitomycin C (MMC) to intraoperative application of MMC in the prevention of pterygium recurrence after surgical removal.Materials and Methods:Seventy eyes of 70 patients with primary pterygia were randomly allocated to two groups. The first group (Group A, 35 eyes) received 0.1 ml of 0.15 mg/ml of subconjunctival MMC injected into the head of the pterygium 24 h before surgical excision with the bare sclera technique. The second group (Group B 35 eyes) underwent surgical removal with the bare sclera technique with intraoperative application of MMC (0.15 mg/ml) over bare sclera for 3 min. The study was performed between March 2007 and December 2008, and follow up was performed for 1 year postoperatively. Differences between frequencies in both groups were compared by the Chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Differences between means in both groups were compared by Student’s t-test. P < 0.05 was considered significant.Results:The rate of pterygium recurrence was 5.70% in Group A and 8.57% in Group B at 1 year postoperatively (P>0.05). Postoperatively, scleral thinning occurred in one eye in each group that resolved by 5 months postoperatively. No serious postoperative complications occurred in either group.Conclusion:Preoperative local injection of 0.15 mg/ml MMC is as effective as intraoperative topical application of 0.15 mg/ml MMC for preventing pterygium recurrence after surgical removal.

CONCLUSION: Diabetes mellitus has a clear negative effect upon the color vision in both qualitative as assessed by Farnsworth FD-15 test and quantitative manner as assessed by Ishihara PIP test leading to loss of color vision perception with a varying degree in relation to the type of diabetes and disease duration from patients medical history, degree of retinopathy, presence of maculopathy by Fundus examination+FFA and the increased macular thickness by OCT when compared to normal healthy individuals.

As we approach a new normal in post-Covid-19 pedagogy, we need to consider blended learning (BL) as a significant contribution to precautionary and preventive actions for containing the spread of Covid-19. This paper provides a framework to recognize transformation to a new normal by: a) reviewing the history of BL associated with its models and design options; b) presenting general characteristics of BL in a matrix of place, distance, and technology; and c) analyzing scenario planning and strategies for reopening academic institutions. Based on the BL continuum and health and safety conditions resulting from the pandemic, the study first proposed a scenario planning framework. Second, it developed a classification framework of BL addressing its continuum, models, and learning theories via a smart learning environment. Finally, the study proposed a conceptual matrix of BL that considers health and safety conditions resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic.

Measurement of IOP with a Goldmann applanationtonometer with red-free light and without the use of fluorescein is simple, saves time, and gives an accurate IOP measurement relative to the traditional measurement technique with cobalt blue light and topical fluorescein.

PurposeTo evaluate the changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide for the management of diabetic macular edema (DME).MethodsThe study design is a prospective, interventional, two-arm, dose–response study. Nineteen patients with bilateral DME were included, one eye for every patient underwent intravitreal injection of 4 mg triamcinolone acetonide (group A, 19 eyes), and the other eye of the same patient underwent intravitreal injection of 8 mg triamcinolone acetonide (group B, 19 eyes); the selection as to which eye was to receive either dose was random. The patients were followed up for 6 months after injection; complete ophthalmological examination and optical coherent topography were done.ResultsIntravitreal triamcinolone acetonide was effective in reduction of DME in group A in the first 3 months only, while in group B with high dose (8 mg) the improvement continued for 6 months after injection. Significant IOP rise was observed in both groups with an incidence of 68.1% and 73.7% in groups A and B, respectively. IOP-lowering drugs were used to control IOP; however, one patient in each group needed glaucoma filtration surgery in both eyes after intractable glaucoma with failure of medical treatment.ConclusionAlthough intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide is very effective in managing DME and with lower cost than other modalities, the rise in IOP and the burden of glaucoma are major concerns. High corticosteroid responder is an individualized reaction irrespective of the intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide dose used.