The synthesis of a homologous series containing five new non-ionic sulfoxide containing polypeptides was described. Sulfoxide groups bestowed water solubility for all homologs, which allowed their use as a model for study of helix-coil transitions in water while avoiding contributions from charged groups or phase separation. Polypeptides were found to adopt chain conformations in water that were dependent on distance of sulfoxides from chain backbones, overall side-chain lengths, and solvent. These results allow preparation of polypeptide segments with different chain conformations without changing chemical functionality for potential use in structural studies and functional applications. ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information. Supporting figures S1-S6, experimental procedures and spectral data. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
The incidence of ulnar collateral ligament injuries has increased over the past few decades with greater participation in overhead throwing sports; however, optimal postoperative management following surgery remains unclear. This systematic review summarizes the latest evidence, on postoperative rehabilitation protocols for patients undergoing ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR). Studies published in the English language from the year 2000 to 2019 with a level 1 to 4 grade of evidence and examined rehabilitation protocols following UCLR were eligible for inclusion. A multidatabase search was conducted. Two blinded reviewers screened and graded articles for inclusion and a third independent reviewer resolved any conflicts. Ten of the original 139 studies identified were used for analysis. Surgical techniques as well as rehabilitation protocols varied across studies. Analysis gave strong evidence that a 4-phase postoperative rehabilitation protocol utilizing milestone-based goals is effective in returning athletes back to preinjury levels of activity and sport within 1 year following UCLR.
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries can be debilitating knee injuries, having involvement in up to 44% of traumatic knee injuries. However, isolated PCL injuries are relatively infrequent. Therefore, effective evidence-based rehabilitation protocols have proven to be elusive. This systematic review aims to summarize the latest evidence on postoperative rehabilitation protocols for patients undergoing PCL reconstruction. Studies included in this paper included those published from 1991 to 2019 with a grade 1 to 5 level of evidence discussing the postoperative PCL rehabilitation. A multidatabase search using largely PubMed and Ovid was conducted using relevant keywords such as "PCL," "postoperative," and "rehabilitation," initially leading to 955 papers, which were narrowed by relevance to 12 final published studies used in the analysis. Through careful review of the evidence, crucial principles of rehabilitation, such as an initial focus on protecting the graft during strengthening, as well as an optimized PCL reconstruction protocol are presented here. Rehabilitation following PCL reconstruction continues to be limited by a lack of high-quality evidencebased publications.
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